Compensatory growth in nestling Zebra Finches impacts body composition but not adaptive immune function

The Auk ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess L. Killpack ◽  
Dan Nan Tie ◽  
William H. Karasov
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Supplementation of Merino ewes with cholecalciferol in late pregnancy improves the vitamin D status of ewes and lambs at birth but is not correlated with an improvement in immune function in lambs

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lockwood ◽  
A. Currie ◽  
S. Hancock ◽  
S. Broomfield ◽  
S. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Maternal Supplementation

Functional deficiencies of the immune system are known to predispose human and animal neonates to death. Thus, immune competency may be a significant factor influencing the mortality of lambs. Vitamin D has been recognised to improve immune function and is transferred across the placenta. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) supplementation of Merino ewes with cholecalciferol during late pregnancy will increase the concentrations of vitamin D in the ewe and lamb at birth and (2) supplementation of Merino ewes with cholecalciferol during late pregnancy is correlated with an increase in innate phagocytic and adaptive antibody immune responses in the lamb. Merino ewes (n = 53) were injected intramuscularly with 1 × 106 IU cholecalciferol at Days 113 and 141 of pregnancy. A control group (n = 58) consisted of ewes receiving no additional nutritional treatments. The vitamin D status of ewes and lambs was assessed up until 1 month post-lambing. Lamb immune function was assessed by analysing the functional capacity of phagocytes, and the plasma IgG and anti-tetanus-toxoid antibody concentrations between birth and weaning. Maternal supplementation with cholecalciferol increased the plasma 25(OH)D concentrations of both ewes (137 vs 79 nmol/L; P < 0.001) and lambs (49 vs 24 nmol/L; P < 0.001) at birth compared with the controls. Supplementation with cholecalciferol had no significant effect on the phagocytic capacity of monocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the concentration of IgG in the colostrum or plasma of lambs, or the vaccine-specific antibody response against tetanus toxoid. Overall, the results support our first hypothesis, but suggest that maternal supplementation with 1 × 106 IU cholecalciferol does not improve innate, passive or adaptive immune function in lambs.

scholarly journals The associations between psychosocial stress and the frequency of illness, and innate and adaptive immune function in children

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Caserta ◽  
Thomas G. O’Connor ◽  
Peter A. Wyman ◽  
Hongyue Wang ◽  
Jan Moynihan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Feeding forage or concentrates early in life influences rumen fermentation, metabolic response, immune function and growth of Wagyu × Friesian calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1418
Author(s):  
M. A. Khan ◽  
V. T. Burggraaf ◽  
B. Thomson ◽  
P. Muir ◽  
K. Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Milk Feeding

Context Early life nutrition of calves influences their performance later in life. There is limited literature demonstrating the effects of rearing dairy calves in early life on milk with either exclusively forage or concentrate starter diets on metabolic and immune function and post-weaning growth and body composition on a pasture only diet. Aim This study evaluated the effects of feeding Wagyu × Holstein Friesian calves a forage starter (FS) or a concentrate starter (CS) for the first 14 weeks of rearing on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, immune function, growth and body composition to Week 41. Methods Group-housed calves (Wagyu × Friesian, 10 calves per group, three groups per treatment) were fed milk (2 L per calf twice daily) until Week 7, then transitioned to once a day milk feeding until weaning by Week 9, with ad libitum access to either FS or CS. All calves were transferred to graze ryegrass pastures a week after transitioning to once daily milk feeding, with starter feeds removed gradually by Week 14. Thereafter, calves were reared together on pasture until Week 41. Results Solid feed intake was lower in FS than CS calves during the first 7 weeks. Total short chain fatty acids were lower, but acetate to propionate ratio and rumen pH were higher in FS than CS calves at Week 7, with no differences observed at Week 12 or 30. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate an indicator of ketogenic ability of the rumen in developing calves was higher in FS vs CS calves at weaning. Further, FS calves had lower concentrations of circulating non-esterified fatty acids compared with CS calves at weaning. Compared with CS calves, FS calves grew slower for the first 14 weeks which was associated with lower plasma IGF-1 levels. However, FS calves had greater average daily gain after 14 weeks when on pasture and had similar plasma IGF-1 at 30 weeks and similar body weight and body composition (muscle and subcutaneous fat deposition) by Week 41 compared to CS calves. Conclusions These results indicate that offering a FS starter has better prepared calves for weaning onto pasture and potentially improved utilisation of forage post-weaning to achieve similar muscle and fat deposition and overall liveweight in both groups by 41 weeks. Implications Dairy beef calves can be successfully reared using forage as the only solid feed source without affecting their growth performance on pasture until 10 months of age. Rearing calves using forage will contribute to reducing the usage of concentrate feeds in pastoral dairy-beef production systems and provide an opportunity to fulfil the market requirements and standards for grain-free beef production.

Body chemical composition of churra lambs at 20kg live-weigth: effect of level of milk-intake and Protein content in the post-weaning diet

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
T. Manso ◽  
A.R. Mantecó ◽  
T. Castro ◽  
P. Lavin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Composition Changes

Body composition changes in animals undergoing compensatory growth and these response vary with the age or stage of maturity at which the restriction is applied and with the undegradable protein in the diet during post-restriction period (O'Donovan, 1984; Ryan, 1990).This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period and the energy/protein relationship during post-weaning period on changes in carcass, non-carcass and empty body weigth (EBW) components in lambs slaughtered at 20 Kg live weigth (LW).A total of 16 lambs of Churra breed were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to determinate the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period (4 weeks) and the protein supplement in the diet during post-weaning period on chemical body composition at 20 Kg LWThe lambs were assigned to a 2×2×4 factorial design, defined by 2 levels of milk intake (High: 1.5 MJ GE/Kg LW°75/day and Low: 0.9 MJ GE/kg LW°75/day) during milk-fed period, 2 post-weaning concentrate supplements (HP: barley grain plus 200g/kg fish meal and LP: barley) and 4 lambs per treatment.All lambs were individually penned. During post-weaning period low quality hay and concentrate were independently offered ad libitum. Intake and LW were recorded daily and three times a week respectively. At slaughter (20Kg LW), EBW was estimated and carcass and non-carcass chemical composition (water, fat, ash and protein) and energy content was measured.

Post-weaning growth rate effects on body composition of Nellore bulls

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
Luiz H. P. Silva ◽  
Pedro V. R. Paulino ◽  
Pedro D. B. Benedeti ◽  
Mauricio M. Estrada ◽  
Lyvian C. Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Rate Effects

Context Previously feed-restricted cattle may exhibit compensatory growth during the finishing phase. However, the efficiency in converting feed into carcass should be evaluated since cattle undergoing compensatory growth usually have high non-carcass weight gain. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth rate throughout the post-weaning growing phase on subsequent feed efficiency, carcass gain, and gain composition. Methods Thirty-nine weaned young Nellore bulls averaging 230.4 ± 5.62 kg of bodyweight and 8.5 ± 0.25 months of age were used. Initially, five bulls were slaughtered as a reference initial group. The remaining bulls were randomly assigned to one of three nutritional plans to achieve Low (0 kg/day), Medium (0.6 kg/day) or High (1.2 kg/day) average daily gain (ADG) throughout the post-weaning growing phase, followed by high growth rate during the finishing phase. One-half of the bulls from each treatment were slaughtered at the end of the post-weaning growing phase, and the other one-half after the finishing phase. During both phases the feed intake, apparent digestibility, performance, and body composition were evaluated. Key results Throughout the post-weaning growing phase, High bulls had greater ADG and more efficiently converted feed into carcass, compared with other nutritional plans (P &lt; 0.01). Throughout the finishing phase, Low bulls had greater ADG, carcass gain, and feed efficiency than High and Medium bulls (P &lt; 0.01). Previous feed restriction did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) apparent digestibility. During the finishing phase, previously restricted bulls fully compensated for the lost visceral organ weight, whereas the losses of bodyweight and carcass weight were only partially compensated. Throughout finishing, Low bulls had the greatest feed efficiency and profitability among nutritional plans. However, considering the overall experiment, Hight bulls converted feed into carcass more efficiently than Low bulls (P = 0.02), but did not differ from Medium (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions Although previously restricted bulls had greater performance and efficiency throughout finishing, the improvement was not enough to reach the same carcass weight at the same age of the unrestricted bulls. Implications Despite the greater profitability of previously restricted bulls throughout finishing, unrestricted bulls were more profitable considering both growing and finishing phases.

scholarly journals Impact of early weaning on small intestine, metabolic, immune and endocrine system development, growth and body composition in artificially reared lambs

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue A McCoard ◽  
Omar Cristobal-Carballo ◽  
Frederik W Knol ◽  
Axel Heiser ◽  
Muhammed A Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Step Down

Abstract AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of early weaning (EW) of artificially reared lambs using a restricted milk replacer (MR) feeding and step-down weaning system on the short- and long-term effects on growth, feed intake, selected blood metabolites and hormones, body composition, and small intestine development. Mixed-sex twin-born 2 to 5 d old lambs were randomly allocated to individual pens and fed MR at 20% of initial individual BW in week 1 and 15% in week 2 followed by weaning off MR by the end of week 4 (EW; n = 16) or week 6 (Control; Ctrl, n = 16) using a step-down procedure. Concentrate starter and fiber diets were offered ad libitum to week 9, then gradually removed over a 10-d period. All lambs were managed as a single group on pasture from weeks 6 to 16 of the trial. Feed intake was recorded daily in the first 6 wk, and BWs recorded weekly. At weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8, and pre- and postclostridial vaccination at week 8, blood samples were collected for analysis of selected blood metabolites, IGF-1, and immune function. Body composition was evaluated in eight animals per group at weeks 4 and 16 after euthanasia, and duodenal samples collected for histomorphometric evaluation. Early weaned lambs had lower DM, ME, CP, and NDF intake than Ctrl lambs at 21, 15, 21, and 36 d of rearing, respectively (P &lt; 0.001), driven by lower intakes of MR from day 15 (P &lt; 0.001) as per the experimental design, and lower total DMI of fiber (P = 0.001) from 21 to 42 d of rearing. Lamb BW tended (P = 0.097) to be lower in EW than Ctrl lambs from 5 to 10 wk of rearing, with lower ADG in EW lambs from weeks 3 to 6 (P = 0.041). Early weaning had negligible effects on duodenal morphology, organ, and carcass weights at weeks 4 and 16. Plasma metabolites (urea nitrogen, triglycerides, NEFA, glucose, and total protein) were similar between groups, while β-hydroxybutyrate was greater in EW than Ctrl lambs at weeks 4 and 6 (P = 0.018) but not week 8 indicative of early rumen development. Serum IGF-1 tended to be lower in EW than Ctrl lambs from weeks 2 to 6 only (P = 0.065). All lambs developed antibody responses postvaccination and there was no effect of treatment (P = 0.528). The results of this study illustrate that artificially reared lambs can be weaned off MR by 4 or 6 wk of rearing without compromising growth, small intestine morphology, major organ development, and body composition, nor immune function at either 4 (preweaning) or 16 (postweaning) wk of age.

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