scholarly journals No correlation of body size and high-frequency hearing sensitivity in neotropical phaneropterine katydids

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiner Römer ◽  
Alexander Lang ◽  
Manfred Hartbauer
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity

scholarly journals Correlated evolution between hearing sensitivity and social calls in bats

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten M Bohn ◽  
Cynthia F Moss ◽  
Gerald S Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Correlated Evolution ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Social Calls ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Species Specific

Echolocating bats are auditory specialists, with exquisite hearing that spans several octaves. In the ultrasonic range, bat audiograms typically show highest sensitivity in the spectral region of their species-specific echolocation calls. Well-developed hearing in the audible range has been commonly attributed to a need to detect sounds produced by prey. However, bat pups often emit isolation calls with low-frequency components that facilitate mother–young reunions. In this study, we examine whether low-frequency hearing in bats exhibits correlated evolution with (i) body size; (ii) high-frequency hearing sensitivity or (iii) pup isolation call frequency. Using published audiograms, we found that low-frequency hearing sensitivity is not dependent on body size but is related to high-frequency hearing. After controlling for high-frequency hearing, we found that low-frequency hearing exhibits correlated evolution with isolation call frequency. We infer that detection and discrimination of isolation calls have favoured enhanced low-frequency hearing because accurate parental investment is critical: bats have low reproductive rates, non-volant altricial young and must often identify their pups within large crèches.

scholarly journals Earless toads sense low frequencies but miss the high notes

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly C. Womack ◽  
Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard ◽  
Luis A. Coloma ◽  
Juan C. Chaparro ◽  
Kim L. Hoke
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Airborne Sound ◽  
Vibrational Sensitivity ◽  
Species Specific

Sensory losses or reductions are frequently attributed to relaxed selection. However, anuran species have lost tympanic middle ears many times, despite anurans' use of acoustic communication and the benefit of middle ears for hearing airborne sound. Here we determine whether pre-existing alternative sensory pathways enable anurans lacking tympanic middle ears (termed earless anurans) to hear airborne sound as well as eared species or to better sense vibrations in the environment. We used auditory brainstem recordings to compare hearing and vibrational sensitivity among 10 species (six eared, four earless) within the Neotropical true toad family (Bufonidae). We found that species lacking middle ears are less sensitive to high-frequency sounds, however, low-frequency hearing and vibrational sensitivity are equivalent between eared and earless species. Furthermore, extratympanic hearing sensitivity varies among earless species, highlighting potential species differences in extratympanic hearing mechanisms. We argue that ancestral bufonids may have sufficient extratympanic hearing and vibrational sensitivity such that earless lineages tolerated the loss of high frequency hearing sensitivity by adopting species-specific behavioural strategies to detect conspecifics, predators and prey.

The Auditory Skills Necessary for Echolocation: A New Explanation

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Carlson–Smith ◽  
W.R. Wiener
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Blind Persons ◽  
Auditory Skills ◽  
Audiometric Test

The study presented here explored theories that account for echolocation and established an audiometric test battery for blind persons that is designed to predict success in echolocation. Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between particular auditory measures and echolocation performance. No relationships were found between high-frequency hearing sensitivity and echolocation performance.

scholarly journals Does Vincristine affect Cochlear function in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Suchetha Rao ◽  
Ranjith Kumar ◽  
Jayashree Bhat ◽  
Nutan Kamath
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Cochlear Function ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Distortion Product ◽  
High Frequency Audiometry

Context: Vincristine chemotherapy has dose dependent ototoxicity. Early detection of ototoxicity is better with otoacoustic emissions and high frequency audiometry than conventional pure tone audiometry. The study was done to see if vincristine treatment interferes with hearing sensitivity in children.Methods and Material: A prospective study was conducted on twenty-three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) on Multi Center Protocol (MCP 841).These were subjected to conventional audiometry, high frequency audiometry and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) before starting chemotherapy. The follow up audiological evaluation after early intensive phase chemotherapy (approximately 6 months) was conducted in thirteen children, who received 12 doses of vincristine (1.4 mg/m2), cranial irradiation of 1800cGy (>3 years) as per protocol and antibiotics as per clinical demands.Results: Baseline audiological evaluation was normal. Follow-up evaluation DPOAEs showed a declining tendency, however changes did not reach statistical significance. Differences in median hearing thresholds prior and post treatment in higher frequency audiometry were also minimal which was not statistically significant. Conventional audiometric thresholds were not altered.Conclusions: The reduction in the signal noise ratio of DPOAE, and reduced hearing sensitivity in high frequencies in post chemotherapy in comparison with baseline measures cannot be ignored though it has failed to reach the level of statistical significance. children on vincristine should have a pre chemotherapy and follow up audiological evaluation with DPOAE The results of the present study needs to be strengthened by including larger sample and long term follow up.Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2016; 27(1) : 3-7

Body size and trophic divergence of two large sympatric elapid snakes (Notechis scutatus and Austrelaps superbus) (Serpentes:Elapidae) in Tasmania

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fearn ◽  
J. Dowde ◽  
D. F. Trembath
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Head Size ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Island State ◽  
Species Being

Tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) and lowland copperheads (Austrelaps superbus) are both large viviparous elapid snakes confined to the cooler, mesic regions of southern Australia. In spite of both species being common and widespread in the island state of Tasmania, no quantified studies on the trophic ecology of these two snakes from the main island has been published. During a two-year period we collected field data from 127 adult A. superbus and 74 adult N. scutatus from throughout eastern Tasmania. For both species, males were larger than females with respect to all measured parameters, including mass and head size. Reproduction in females was strongly seasonal and clutch size was not related to maternal body size. N. scutatus has a larger head than A. superbus and consequently ingests both small and large prey. N. scutatus in our study displayed the most catholic diet of any Australian elapid studied to date and consumed mammals (possum, bandicoot, antechinus, rats, mice), birds (fairy wrens), fish (eel, trout) and frogs. A. superbus shows a more specialist diet of large volumes of predominately ectothermic prey (frogs, lizards, snakes) even at maximal sizes and was more likely to contain ingested prey than specimens of N. scutatus. Distinctive rodent bite scars were common on N. scutatus but rare on A. superbus. The high frequency of rodent bite scars on N. scutatus further supports our findings of a primarily endothermic diet for mature specimens. We suggest that significant differences in head size, and hence diet, as well as a taxonomically diverse suite of potential prey in Tasmania allow both these large snakes to coexist in sympatry and avoid interspecific competitive exclusion.

Subclinical Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Hearing Impairment

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Dahle ◽  
Faye P. McCollister ◽  
Barbara A. Hamner ◽  
David W. Reynolds ◽  
Sergio Stagno
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Etiological Factor ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Impairment

The hearing sensitivity of children with subclinical congenital cytomegalovirus infection was evaluated and compared with that of a group of matched control subjects. Nine of the 18 infected subjects had some hearing loss, ranging from slight high-frequency impairments to a severe-to-profound unilateral loss. The findings indicate that subclinical congenital cytomegalovirus must be considered a potential etiological factor in sensorineural hearing impairment.

How small is too small? Incubation of large eggs by a small host

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 968-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L.M. Stewart ◽  
Mélanie F. Guigueno ◽  
Spencer G. Sealy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Nest Size ◽  
Brood Parasite ◽  
Turdus Migratorius ◽  
Yellow Warbler ◽  
American Robin ◽  
Yellow Warblers

The Yellow Warbler ( Setophaga petechia (L., 1766)) is among the putative hosts of the Black-billed Cuckoo ( Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson, 1811)), which is hypothesized to have once been an obligate brood parasite. Most parasites lay a small egg relative to their body size, possibly to prevent hosts from discriminating against the larger egg and to facilitate incubation. We tested whether warblers, which lay eggs ~17% of the volume of cuckoo eggs, could have potentially been suitable hosts of Coccyzus cuckoos by determining whether they accept and successfully incubate cuckoo-sized eggs. Warblers accepted 63% (n = 54) of cuckoo-sized eggs added into their nests and successfully incubated eggs as large as cuckoo eggs (surrogate American Robin ( Turdus migratorius L., 1766) eggs). This suggests that the lower limit to host size is not just related to egg size. Warblers are not ideal hosts because they rejected a high frequency of experimental eggs (37%). Nests from which eggs were rejected tended to have smaller volumes than nests at which eggs were accepted. The nest cups of warblers are oval, which may promote egg crowding more than round cups. Factors such as nest size, not host size, influence acceptance or rejection of large eggs by Yellow Warblers.

Coupling of FM Systems to Individuals With Unilateral Hearing Loss

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy G. Kopun ◽  
Patricia G. Stelmachowicz ◽  
Edward Carney ◽  
Laura Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Delivery Options ◽  
Speech Information ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the attenuation characteristics of five FM system sound delivery options for a group of 10 adults and 15 children (5–13 years). Sound delivery options included a tube-fitting, lightweight headphones, a CROS earmold with tubing, a CROS earmold with a snap-ring, and a standard snap-ring earmold with a vent. Attenuation was defined as the difference between probe-tube microphone measures of the ear canal resonance and the SPL in the ear canal with each sound delivery option in place. A statistically significant but clinically inconsequential difference in attenuation for the CROS earmold with tubing was noted between adults and children. No significant differences in attenuation for any of the other sound delivery options were noted between adults and children. An investigation of the relationship between magnitude of attenuation and percentage of the ear canal occluded suggests that degree of occlusion is a major factor in determining degree of attenuation provided by a particular sound delivery option. Results also indicate that significant attenuation of high-frequency signals can occur with earmolds commonly considered nonoccluding. Caution should be used in fitting hearing aids or FM systems to individuals with normal high-frequency hearing sensitivity to prevent attenuation of unamplified high-frequency speech information.

Analysis about the Effect on the Design of the Diffusers

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 2016-2019
Author(s):  
Hui Yu Chen ◽  
Jing Gong
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Groove Depth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frequency Sound ◽  
High Absorption Coefficient ◽  
High Absorption

In order to study the effect of the diffusers,there has been designed a variety of diffusers.If groove depth is large , the diffuser will become a high absorption coefficient, low-frequency sounds will reduce significantly. So we have spread the body size nested within each other, a small has been nested in a large body .The smaller parts expand of high-frequency sound, the larger parts for low-frequency sound, so over a wide frequency band can been spreading.

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