CONCENTRATIONS OF OESTRADIOL-17β AND PROGESTERONE IN THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY (MACACA FASCICULARIS) IN RELATION TO THE LENGTH OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND ITS COMPONENT PHASES

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. SHAIKH ◽  
R. H. NAQVI ◽  
S. A. SHAIKH
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkey ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Phase Correlation ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Relationship

Ninety-three female cynomolgus monkeys were monitored throughout 647 menstrual cycles; 93·2% of these cycles were 22–37 days long and were normally distributed, with a mean of 29·2 days. Menstrual bleeding generally lasted for 3–5 days and was not related to the length of the cycle. The levels of progesterone and oestradiol-17β in the plasma were measured during the menstrual cycle in 30 monkeys. The concentration of oestradiol-17β reached a mid-cycle peak on day 11 or 12 of the cycle. The interval between the beginning of the cycle and the oestrogen peak was constant; the interval between the oestrogen peak and the end of the cycle increased or decreased with the cycle length. The level of progesterone began to rise at about the time of the oestrogen peak and remained raised for longer periods as the length of the cycle increased. The length of the menstrual cycle, therefore, appeared to be determined by the duration of the increase in the level of progesterone or by the life of the corpus luteum in the luteal phase. The relationship between the lengths of the cycle and the luteal phase can be defined by the expression: cycle length = 12·6+0·96 × length of luteal phase (correlation coefficient = 0·875).

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES IN WOMEN

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore H:son Holmdahl ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding ◽  
Human Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT Liquid-gel chromatography on hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex has been used to separate 17α-hydroxyprogesterone* and progesterone from interfering steroids prior to assay by competitive protein binding. During the luteal phase 0.5 ml of plasma was enough for determinations of both steroids. Fifteen samples could be assayed in less than 48 h. Oestradiol in plasma was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Daily blood samples were collected during 10 normal menstrual cycles in young, healthy women. The average cycle length was 29.7±2.0 (sd) days. 17α-hydroxyprogesterone displayed a midcyclic peak averaging 1.86±0.70 (sd) ng per ml coinciding with a midcyclic peak of oestradiol averaging 16.50± 5.95 (sd) ng per 100 ml of plasma. The highest luteal phase level of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone was 1.94 ±0.72 (sd) ng per ml. The corresponding levels for oestradiol were 9.1 ±3.8 (sd) ng per 100 ml. Progesterone formed a luteal plateau averaging 12.3±2.3 (sd) days. The highest luteal level of progesterone was 14.6±2.1 (sd) ng per ml. The peripheral plasma pattern of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone seems to mimic that of oestradiol during the human menstrual cycle.

scholarly journals Generation of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) Embryos with ICSI Based on the MII-Stage Oocytes Acquired by Personalized Superovulation Protocol

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangqiong Huang ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Qinfang Jiang ◽  
Yixuan Wang ◽  
Kaili Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkey ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Oocyte Retrieval ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Surrogate Mothers ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Length

ABSTRACTThe use of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) has facilitated the establishment of gene-modified animal models, and the appropriate number of high-quality mature oocytes (MII-stage oocytes) are crucial in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) of cynomolgus macaques. In this study we performed 3 different superovulation protocols on 24 female cynomolgus monkeys aimed to improve the proportion of MII-stage oocyte retrieval. The results suggested some differences in the proportion of MII-stage oocytes between the personalized superovulation protocol and the superovulation protocols I and II. Afterwards, we performed Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on 22 MII-stage oocytes derived from one animal with personalized superovulation protocol, obtained 15 embryos of 2-4-cells, 2 cases of successful pregnancy after transferring to 4 surrogate female, and obtained 3 aborted fetuses. These results suggested that personalized superovulation protocol incorporated the menstrual cycle length of each cynomolgus monkey, and the timing of oocytes retrieval based on the equation: menstrual cycle length/2 ± 1, which increased the rate of MII-stage oocytes acquired and generation of cynomolgus monkeys embryos with ICSI based on these oocytes, and finally could successfully develop into fetus under conditions that effectively guarantee the synchronization of the surrogate mothers.SUMMARY STATEMENTThe personalized superovulation protocol based on the menstrual cycle length of each cynomolgus monkey can increase the rate of MII-stage oocytes acquired, and finally could successfully develop into fetus under conditions that minimize damage to the surrogate mothers and effectively guarantee the synchronization of the surrogate mothers.

scholarly journals Importance of Daily Sex Hormone Measurements Within the Menstrual Cycle for Fertility Estimates in Cyclical Shifts Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491989791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula M. Marcinkowska
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Mating Psychology ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Recent discussions have highlighted the importance of fertility measurements for the study of peri-ovulatory shifts in women’s mating psychology and mating-related behaviors. Participants in such studies typically attend at least two test sessions, one of which is, at least in theory, scheduled to occur during the high-fertility, peri-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. A crucial part of this debate is whether luteinizing hormone (LH) tests alone are sufficient to accurately assign test sessions to the peri-ovulatory phase. This article adds to this ongoing debate by presenting analyses of a detailed database of daily estradiol levels and LH tests for 102 menstrual cycles. Based on more than 4,000 hormonal measurements, it is clear that individual differences in length of the cycle, length of the luteal phase and, perhaps most importantly, the discrepancy between the timing of the LH surge and the drop in estradiol that follows it are pronounced. Less than 40% of analyzed cycles followed the textbook pattern commonly assumed to occur in fertility-based research, in which the LH surge is assumed to occur not more than 48 hr before the estradiol drop. These results suggest that LH tests alone are not sufficient to assign test sessions to the peri-ovulatory phase and that analyses of sex hormones are essential to identify whether the participant was tested during the peri-ovulatory phase.

Effectiveness of zona pellucida protein ZPB as an immunocontraceptive antigen

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Martinez ◽  
JD Harris
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Immunization of female mammals with native zona pellucida (ZP) proteins is known to cause infertility. Since each human ZP protein is now available as a purified recombinant protein, is it possible to compare the immunocontraceptive potential of each ZP protein. A breeding study was conducted in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) after immunization with recombinant human ZP (rhZP) proteins (ZPA, ZPB, ZPC) separately and in combinations. This study demonstrated that immunization with recombinant human ZPB (rhZPB) protein caused cynomolgus monkeys to become infertile for 9-35 months. A second study was conducted in baboons (Papio cynocephalus), which yielded a similar result. The baboons immunized with rhZPB became infertile for 9 to > 20 months. During the time of maximum antibody titre, some animals experienced disruption of the menstrual cycle, but eventually all of the animals resumed normal menstrual cycles. Control animals and animals immunized with other rhZP proteins all became pregnant before any of the rhZPB-treated animals. This is the first study in which a recombinant ZP protein has consistently induced infertility in a primate without permanent disruption of the normal menstrual cycle.

P–469 Period Tracker Applications – are they giving women accurate menstrual cycle information?

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Worsfold ◽  
L Marriott ◽  
S Johnson ◽  
J Harper
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Fertile Window ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Study question Are period trackers giving women accurate information about their periods and ovulation? Summary answer The top 10 period trackers gave conflicting information on period dates, ovulation day and the fertile window. What is known already Period tracking applications allow women to track their menstrual cycles and receive a prediction for their periods. The majority of applications also provide predictions of day of ovulation and the fertile window. Previous research indicates applications are basing predictions on assuming women undergo a textbook 28-day cycle with ovulation occurring on day 14 and a fertile window between days 10 and 17. Study design, size, duration An audit of menstrual cycle apps was conducted on the Apple app store using menstrual cycle tracker/period tracker as the search terms. The top ten apps that followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analysed and used for this study. All apps had the ability to allow retrospective data entry giving future cycle predictions and fertile window, and nine of the apps predicted a day of ovulation. Participants/materials, setting, methods Five women’s profiles for 6 menstrual cycles were created and entered into each app. Cycle length (CL) and ovulation day (OD) for the 6th cycle were; Woman 1 – Constant 28 day CL, 0D 16, Woman 2 – Average 23 day CL, OD 13, Woman 3 – Average 28 day CL, OD 17, Woman 4 – Average 33 day CL, OD 20 and Woman 5 – Irregular, average 31 day CL, OD 14. Main results and the role of chance For cycle length, the apps all predicted woman 1’s cycles correctly but for women 2–5, the apps predicted 0 to 8 days shorter or longer than expected. For day of ovulation; for woman 1, no apps predicted this correctly; the apps ranged from day 13–15. For woman 2, 1 app was correct and overall the apps showed a lot of variation from day 8 to 13. For woman 3, no apps got it right, with a range of day 13–16. For woman 4, 2 apps got it right, but the apps ranged from day 13–20. For woman 5, no apps got right; the apps ranged from day 13–21. Irrespective of cycle length, 7 apps predicted a fertile window of 7 days in almost all cases; except 1 app that predicted 6 days for woman 2 and a different app which predicted 8 days for woman 4. For the remaining 3 apps, one always predicted a 10 day fertile window. One app predicted an 11 day fertile window in 4/5 women. One app predicted a 12 day fertile window in 4/5 women. Limitations, reasons for caution The five profiles created spanned a range of observed cycle characteristics, but many permutations are possible. A Monte Carlo type analysis could be conducted to examine these possibilities to provide more precise assessment of app performance, but as data had to be added manually into apps, this was not possible. Wider implications of the findings: The apps do not use the same algorithm and show variation. The information given by these apps is not 100% accurate, especially for the day of ovulation and the fertile window which can only be predicted if using a marker of ovulation, such as basal body temperature or ovulation sticks. Trial registration number Not applicable

Assessment of choroidal vascularity index during the menstrual cycle

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110576
Author(s):  
Nazife Aşikgarip ◽  
Emine Temel ◽  
Kemal Örnek
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Luminal Area ◽  
Choroidal Structure

Purpose To explore the effect of menstrual cycle on choroidal vascularity index (CVI). Methods Thirty six eyes of 36 healthy women were included in this prospective study. The menstrual cycles were regular and ranged from 28 to 30 days in length. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained in 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle. The choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and CVI were quantified. Results Mean subfoveal, nasal and temporal CT were significantly changed in mid-luteal phase in comparison to early follicular (p = 0.018, p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.037, p = 0.037, and p = 0.035, respectively). Mean CVI showed a significant change in mid-luteal phase when compared with early follicular (p = 0.001) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.036). Conclusion CVI seemed to be affected in mid-luteal phase of menstrual cycle. This should be considered while analyzing choroidal structure in otherwise healthy women.

P–643 Is Euploid blastocyst number higher in luteal versus follicular phase? A case-control study of IVF outcomes of follicular versus luteal phase ovarian stimulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Biscaro ◽  
A R Lorenzon ◽  
E L Motta ◽  
C Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Stimulation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Ivf Outcomes ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Luteal Phase Ovarian Stimulation

Abstract Study question Is there a difference between IVF outcomes in patients undergoing follicular versus luteal phase ovarian stimulation in different menstrual cycles? Summary answer Number of euploid blastocyst were higher in luteal phase ovarian stimulation IVF cycles. All other outcomes were similar between follicular and luteal phase IVF cycles. What is known already It has been published that human beings can have two or three follicular recruitment waves as observed in animals studies a long time ago. From these findings, several recent studies showed that two egg retrievals at the same menstrual cycle, named as Duo Stim, optimize time and IVF outcomes in women with low ovarian reserve due to more eggs retrieved in a shorter period with consequently higher probability of having good embryos to transfer. However, there is no knowledge about diferences concerning IVF outcomes between folicular and luteal ovarian stimulation, performed at the same women in different menstrual cycles. Study design, size, duration Retrospective, case-control study in a single IVF center. One-hundred-two patients who had two IVF treatments – the first cycle initiating ovarian stimulation at follicular phase (FPS) and the second cycle initiating after a spontaneous ovulation at luteal phase (LPS) – in different menstrual cycles (until 6 months apart) between 2014 and 2020, were included. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney test and was considered significant when p ≤ 0.05. Data is represented as mean±SD. Participants/materials, setting, methods Patients underwent two IVF treatments in different menstrual cycles; the FPS IVF treatment was initiating at D2/D3 of menstrual cycle and the LPS treatment started three or four days after spontaneous ovulation, if at least 4 antral follicles were detected. Both IVF treatments were performed with and antagonist protocol and freeze all strategy. The majority of patients presents low ovarian reserve/Ovarian age as primary infertility factor (84.3%). Main results and the role of chance Patient’s mean age was 39.30±3.15 years, BMI (22.66±3.16) and AMH levels (0.85±0.85 ng/mL). Comparison of hormonal levels at the beginning of ovarian stimulation showed differences for FPS vs LPS, as expected: E2 (39.69±31,10 pg/mL vs 177.33±214.26 pg/mL,p< 0.0001) and P4 (0.76±2.47ng/mL vs 3,00±5.00 ng/mL,p< 0.0001). However, E2 and P4 at the day of oocyte maturation trigger were not different between FPS and LPS (1355.24±895.73 pg/mL vs 1133.14±973.01 ng/mL,p=0.0883 and 1.12±1.49 ng/mL vs 2.94±6.51,p=0.0972 respectively). There was no difference for total dose of gonadotrofins (FPS 2786.43±1102.39.01UI vs LPS 2824.12±1188.87UI, p = 0,8578), FSH (FPS 9.50±4.98 vs LPS 11.90±12.99,p=0.7502) and AFC (FPS 7.13±4.25 vs LPS 6.42±4.65,p=0,0944). From 102 patients that started ovarian stimulation, 78 had 1 or more oocyte collect in FPS group and 75 in LPS group: OPU (FPS 4.78±4.93 vs LPS 4.65±5.54,p=0.7889), number of MII (FPS 3.21±3.52 vs LPS 3.40±4.53,p=0.7889). From those, 52 patients performed ICSI in both cycles; fertilization rate 64.9%±28.6% for FPS vs 62.1%±32.4% for LPS,p=0.7899) and blastocyst formation 2.15±2.15 for FPS vs 2.54±2.35,p=0.3496). Data from 25 patients who had embryo biopsy for PGT-A showed similar number of blastocyst biopsed (2.12±1.72 FPS vs 2.48±1.71 LPS,p=0.3101) and a statistically significant difference regarding number of euploid blastocyst (0,20±0,41 FPS vs 0,96±0,93 LPS,p=0,0008). Limitations, reasons for caution This is a retrospective study in a limited number of patients. Therefore, it is not possible to make a definitive conclusion that LPS proportionate higher number of euploid than FPS. More studies are necessary to investigate not only IVF outcomes but also the impact on pregnancy rates. Wider implications of the findings: In our study, LPS protocol after spontaneous ovulation, presents similar IVF outcomes compared to routinely FPS protocol. Intriguingly, the number of euploid blastocyst was significant higher in LPS, which may be further investigated. In this way, LPS is another option of IVF treatment, and may optimize time and treatment results. Trial registration number Not applicable

Serum and urinary concentrations of sex hormones and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of the gibbon

1993 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Nadler ◽  
J. F. Dahl ◽  
D. C. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Multimale Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Monitoring Progress ◽  
Female Genital

ABSTRACT The relationship between sex hormone concentrations and female genital swelling during the menstrual cycle in the monogamous gibbon was comparable with that of polygamous female primates, such as the chimpanzee, which live in multimale groups and have larger swellings. The data, therefore, support the hypothesis proposed by C. R. Carpenter more than 50 years ago, that the gibbon's genital swelling, like that of other female primates, reflects basic physiological processes associated with progress of the menstrual cycle. Genital swelling increased during the follicular phase with increasing concentrations of oestradiol and oestrone glucuronide, reached maximal swelling in association with the mid-cycle peaks in the oestrogens and LH and began detumescence with the initial increases in progesterone during the luteal phase. The data also suggest that the menstrual cycle of the gibbon is shorter than previously reported, since cycles of 19–22 days exhibited hormone patterns that are consistent with ovulation. The genital swelling of the female gibbon is a useful marker for monitoring progress of the menstrual cycle and the presumptive time of ovulation. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 136, 447–455

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