scholarly journals Centrally administered neuropeptide W-30 activates magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei with neurosecretion in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kawasaki ◽  
Tatsushi Onaka ◽  
Masamitsu Nakazato ◽  
Jun Saito ◽  
Takashi Mera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Hybridization Histochemistry ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Fos Protein ◽  
Regulation Of Secretion ◽  
Plasma Arginine

We examined the effects of i.c.v. administration of neuro-peptide W-30 (NPW30) on plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) and plasma oxytocin (OXT) using RIA. The induction of c-fos mRNA, AVP heteronuclear (hn)RNA, and c-Fos protein (Fos) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats were also investigated using in situ hybridization histochemistry for c-fos mRNA and AVP hnRNA, and immunohistochemistry for Fos. Both plasma AVP and OXT were significantly increased at 5 and 15 min after i.c.v. administration of NPW30 (2.8 nmol/rat). In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that the induction of c-fos mRNA and AVP hnRNA in the SON and PVN were significantly increased 15, 30, and 60 min after i.c.v. administration of NPW30 (1.4 nmol/rat). Dual immunostaining for Fos/AVP and Fos/OXT revealed that both AVP-like immunoreactive (LI) cells and OXT-LI cells exhibited nuclear Fos-LI in the SON and PVN, 90 min after i.c.v. administration of NPW30 (2.8 nmol/rat). These results suggest that central NPW30 may be involved in the regulation of secretion of AVP and OXT in the magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the SON and PVN.

scholarly journals The Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Arginine Vasopressin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in the Paraventricular Nucleus and Supraoptic Nucleus of the Rhesus Monkey

Endocrinology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 2191-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda N. Roy ◽  
Robert L. Reid ◽  
Dean A. Van Vugt
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Ovarian Steroids ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract Ovarian steroids increase hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and sensitize the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis to stress-induced inhibition. The present study investigated the effect of ovarian steroids on CRH and arginine vasopressin (AVP) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the rhesus monkey hypothalamus, as both neuropeptides have been shown to stimulate the HPA axis and inhibit the HPO axis in this species. This was accomplished by measuring CRH and AVP mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Menstrual cycles were simulated in ovariectomized (OVX) rhesus monkeys by sequential addition and removal of SILASTIC brand (Dow Corning Corp.) tubing containing either 17β-estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4). On the morning of day 11 of the simulated follicular phase (E2 alone) or day 21 of the luteal phase (E2 + P4), animals were anesthetized, and the brains were perfused with paraformaldehyde via the carotid artery. Coronal sections (30 μm) were cut, and mRNA for CRH and AVP in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) were semiquantified by in situ hybridization. CRH mRNA in the PVN of E2-replaced OVX animals (n = 7) was 2-fold greater than that in untreated OVX controls (n = 4), whereas CRH mRNA after E2 + P4 (n = 4) was no different from that in controls (optical density ± sem, 0.38 ± 0.06, 0.13 ± 0.08, and 0.14 ± 0.09 for OVX + E2, OVX + E2 + P4, and OVX, respectively; P = 0.02). CRH in the SON was undetectable. In contrast to CRH, AVP mRNA in the PVN and the SON was similar in the three treatment groups. We conclude that E2 and E2 + P4 replacement to OVX monkeys exert different effects on CRH and AVP gene expression, as estrogen stimulation of CRH mRNA in the PVN was abrogated by progesterone, whereas no effect of ovarian steroids on AVP mRNA in either the PVN or SON was observed. We postulate that ovarian steroid regulation of CRH synthesis and release may in part explain the central nervous system mechanisms by which ovarian steroids affect the HPA and HPO axes during basal and stress conditions.

Effects of acute hypotensive stimuli on arginine vasopressin gene transcription in the rat hypothalamus

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (4) ◽  
pp. E886-E892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kakiya ◽  
Hiroshi Arima ◽  
Hisashi Yokoi ◽  
Takashi Murase ◽  
Yuko Yambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Vasopressin Gene ◽  
Avp Gene

We investigated the baroregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene transcription in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) in conscious rats by use of intronic in situ hybridization. Hemorrhage of 16 ml/kg body wt decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 57% and increased both plasma AVP (control, 1.2 ± 0.3 pg/ml; 16 ml/kg body wt, 38.9 ± 3.2 pg/ml) at 10 min and AVP heteronuclear (hn)RNA levels (SON, 150%; PVN, 140% of control values) at 20 min. On the other hand, hemorrhage of 7 ml/kg body wt had no significant effect on MAP, plasma AVP, or the AVP hnRNA levels. To better understand the baroregulation, we also examined the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which induces hypotension without a change in blood volume. The subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg body wt SNP, which decreased the MAP by 60%, increased both plasma AVP (control, 1.6 ± 0.4 pg/ml; 2 mg/kg body wt, 8.1 ± 0.4 pg/ml) at 10 min and AVP hnRNA levels (SON, 150%; PVN, 140% of control values) at 30 min. The injection of 0.1 mg/kg body wt SNP, which reduced the MAP by 10%, failed to increase either the plasma AVP or AVP hnRNA levels. These results indicate that AVP gene transcription increases rapidly after both hypotensive hemorrhage and normovolemic hypotension. In addition, it is suggested that the set point for AVP synthesis in the baroregulation is similar to that for AVP release.

Expression of galanin in hypothalamic magnocellular neurones of lactating rats: co-existence with vasopressin and oxytocin

1997 ◽  
Vol 155 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Landry ◽  
D Roche ◽  
E Angelova ◽  
A Calas
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunopositive Cell ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Embedding Technique ◽  
Labelling Procedure

Lactation is a physiological condition known to upregulate the expression of the hypothalamic neurohormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, in the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Other neuropeptides such as galanin are co-localized in the same magnocellular neurones and their expression has been demonstrated to be regulated by different experimental and physiological conditions. In the present study, we investigated the possible changes in galanin expression during lactation, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry separately or in combination. Galanin messenger RNA concentrations decreased on day 3 of lactation in both the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and remained low on day 7 of lactation, but no differences were observed between control and 14-day lactating rats. In parallel, immunopositive cell bodies were almost undetectable on day 7 of lactation and immunoreactivity remained weak after 14 days of lactation, whereas galanin immunoreactive profiles in the supraoptic nucleus were more numerous than in the control group. Moreover, the subcellular distribution of immunostaining changed on day 14 of lactation. Galanin immunoreactivity was confined around the nucleus in the control females, but it became weaker and more homogenously distributed throughout the cytoplasm in the lactating rats. Electron microscopy using a pre-embedding technique confirmed that galanin immunoreactivity was no longer restricted to the Golgi complex, but was apparent throughout in the cytoplasm. Multiple labellings showed galanin and galanin messenger RNA to be co-localized with oxytocin messenger RNA in neurones of the dorsomedial part of the supraoptic nucleus during lactation. Some of those doubly labelled cells also expressed vasopressin messenger RNA in the same conditions as revealed by a triple-labelling procedure. As these co-localizations have not been observed in female control rats, lactation provided an example of a physiological condition inducing oxytocin and galanin co-synthesis in a subpopulation of magnocellular neurones. In conclusion, we have demonstrated plasticity of galanin expression during lactation in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurones. This plasticity could be caused by changes in galanin expression or in galanin processing in magnocellular neurones.

In situ hybridization of arginine vasopressin (AVP) heteronuclear ribonucleic acid reveals increased AVP gene transcription in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in response to emotional stress

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 466-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Priou ◽  
Charles Oliver ◽  
Michel Grino
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Emotional Stress ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Avp Gene

The regulation of anterior pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secretion during stress involves several hypothalamic neurohormones, including arginine vasopressin (AVP). In situ hybridization techniques have been used to study the regulation of neuropeptide messenger ribonucleic acids in the hypothalamus. Owing to the relatively slow time course of the changes in cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations, rapid alterations in the level of neuropeptide gene transcription could not be detected. Because of its rapid processing, the nuclear level of the heteronuclear ribonucleic acid should reflect the rate of its synthesis, namely the transcription of the gene. We have used in situ hybridization with a probe complementary to a portion of an intronic sequence of the rat AVP gene to study rapid changes in the level of AVP gene transcription during emotional stress. The specificity of our technique was demonstrated by the localization of the hybridization signals in the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and was confirmed by the nuclear localization of the labeling. Isolation and exposure of male rats to a novel environment induced an activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis and an increase in AVP heteronuclear ribonucleic acid concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus 2 h after the onset of the stress, suggesting that an increased AVP gene transcription may play a role in the activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis in response to emotional stress.

Centrally administered adrenomedullin 5 activates oxytocin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus and elevates plasma oxytocin level in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Otsubo ◽  
Susumu Hyodo ◽  
Hirofumi Hashimoto ◽  
Makoto Kawasaki ◽  
Hitoshi Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cgrp Antagonist ◽  
Oxytocin Level

We examined the effects of i.c.v. administration of adrenomedullin 5 (AM5) on the brain of conscious rats. We used porcine AM5 in the present study because rat AM5 has not been detected. We observed Fos-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the hypothalamus and brainstem of conscious rats after i.c.v. administration of AM5 (2 nmol/rat). Fos-LI, measured at 90 min post-AM5 injection, was observed in various brain areas, including the supraoptic (SON) and the paraventricular nuclei (PVN). Dual immunostaining for Fos/oxytocin (OXT) and Fos/arginine vasopressin (AVP) revealed that OXT-LI neurones predominantly colocalized Fos-LI compared with AVP-LI neurones in the SON and the PVN. Plasma OXT levels were significantly increased 5 min after i.c.v. administration of AM5 (1 nmol/rat) compared with vehicle and remained elevated in samples taken at 15 and 30 min without changes in plasma AVP levels at any time. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed that i.c.v. administration of AM5 (0.2, 1 and 2 nmol/rat) caused a marked induction of the expression of the c-fos gene in the SON and the PVN. This induction was significantly but not completely reduced by pretreatment with both the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist CGRP-(8–37; 3 nmol/rat) and the AM receptor antagonist AM-(22–52; 27 nmol/rat). Although porcine AM5 has not been detected yet in the brain, these results suggest that centrally administered porcine AM5 may activate OXT-secreting neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus partly through AM/CGRP receptors and elicit secretion of OXT into the systemic circulation in conscious rats.

Isolation- and dehydration-induced changes in neuropeptide gene expression in the sheep hypothalamus

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Matthews ◽  
R F Parrott ◽  
D J S Sirinathsinghji
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Hybridization Histochemistry ◽  
In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Powerful Stimulus ◽  
Stress Isolation ◽  
Induced Changes

ABSTRACT Changes in neuropeptide gene expression in the hypothalami of sheep subjected to psychological stress (isolation, 1 h; n=3) or dehydration (48 h; n=3) were examined using in-situ hybridization histochemistry. Compared with non-stressed euhydrated control animals (n=3), isolation induced significant accumulation of mRNA for corticotrophin-releasing hormone, pro-enkephalin and pro-dynorphin (DYN) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but no change in mRNA content within the supraoptic nucleus (SON). By contrast, dehydration significantly increased DYN mRNA in the magnocellular neurones of the PVN and SON. However, neither isolation nor dehydration altered the expression of mRNA for vasopressin (AVP) in either the PVN or the SON. These results indicate that in the ovine hypothalamus (1) stress represents a powerful stimulus to co-ordinated neuropeptide synthesis and (2) expression of DYN mRNA and AVP mRNA may be independently regulated during changes in plasma osmolality.

Release of oxytocin and vasopressin by magnocellular nuclei in vitro: specific facilitatory effect of oxytocin on its own release

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Moos ◽  
M. J. Freund-Mercier ◽  
Y. Guerné ◽  
J. M. Guerné ◽  
M. E. Stoeckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Magnocellular Nuclei ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Supraoptic Nuclei

ABSTRACT The release of endogenous oxytocin and vasopressin by rat paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in vitro during a 10-min period, 30 min after beginning the incubation, was measured radioimmunologically. Mean basal hormone release per 10 min and per pair of nuclei was: 128·4 ± 12·4 (s.e.m.) pg vasopressin (n = 15) and 39·0 ± 3·0 pg oxytocin (n = 66) for supraoptic nuclei from male rats; 273·9 ± 42·6 pg vasopressin (n = 11) and 34·2 ± 3·5 pg oxytocin (n = 15) for supraoptic nuclei from lactating rats; 70·0 ± 8·6 pg vasopressin (n = 52) and 21·8 ± 1·3 pg oxytocin (n = 68) for paraventricular nuclei from male rats; 59·1 ± 8·6 pg vasopressin (n = 10) and 27·0 ± 4·6 pg oxytocin (n = 16) for paraventricular nuclei from lactating rats. In male and lactating rats, both nuclei contained and released more vasopressin than oxytocin. For oxytocin alone, the paraventricular nucleus of male rats contained and released significantly less hormone than the supraoptic nucleus. This difference was not apparent in lactating rats. For vasopressin alone, the paraventricular nucleus contained and released significantly less hormone than the supraoptic nucleus in both male and lactating rats. When the hormone released was calculated as a percentage of the total tissue content the release was about 0·9% for oxytocin from both nuclei in male and lactating rats and also for vasopressin in lactating rats, but was only about 0·5% for vasopressin from both nuclei in male rats. The influence of oxytocin and analogues of oxytocin (including one antagonist) upon the release of oxytocin and vasopressin was studied. Adding oxytocin to the incubation medium (0·4–4 nmol/l solution) induced a dose-dependent rise in oxytocin release from both nuclei of male or lactating rats. A 4 nmol/l solution of isotocin had a similar effect to a 0·4 nmol/l solution of oxytocin, but arginine-vasopressin never affected basal release of oxytocin. In no case was vasopressin release modified. An oxytocin antagonist (1 μmol/l solution) significantly reduced basal oxytocin release and blocked the stimulatory effect normally induced by exogenous oxytocin, as did gallopamil hydrochloride (D600, 10 μmol/l solution), a Ca2+ channel blocker, or incubation in a Ca2+-free medium. These findings are discussed in relation to the literature on the central effects of neurohypophysial peptides. It may be concluded that the regulatory role of endogenous oxytocin in the hypothalamus on the milk-ejection reflex could result from its local release in the extracellular spaces of magnocellular nuclei. J. Endocr. (1984) 102, 63–72

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