FURNACE BOTTOM ASH: ITS ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND ITS USE AS A SUB-BASE MATERIAL.

A new approach including weathering treatment and nano-silica filling was employed to promote the engineering properties of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash.

Download Full-text

Recycling of waste incineration bottom ash in the production of interlocking concrete bricks

Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE ◽

10.31814/stce.nuce2021-15(2)-09 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 101-112

Author(s):

Nguyen Huu May ◽

Huynh Trong Phuoc ◽

Le Thanh Phieu ◽

Ngo Van Anh ◽

Chau Minh Khai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Test Results ◽

Toxic Material ◽

Visible Defect

This study presents an experimental investigation on the recycling of waste incineration bottom ash (IBA) as a fine aggregate in the production of interlocking concrete bricks (ICB). Before being used, the concentration of heavy metal in IBA was determined to confirm it is a non-toxic material. In this study, the IBA was used to replace crushed sand (CSA) in the brick mixtures at different replacement levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (by volume). The ICB samples were checked for dimensions, visible defects, compressive strength, bending strength, water absorption, and surface abrasion in accordance with the related Vietnamese standards. The test results demonstrated that the IBA used in this study was a non-toxic material, which can be widely used for construction activities. All of the ICB samples prepared for this study exhibited a nice shape with consistent dimensions and without any visible defects. The incorporation of IBA in the brick mixtures affected engineering properties of the ICB samples such as a reduction in the compressive strength and bending strength and an increment in water absorption and surface abrasion of the brick samples. As a result, the compressive strength, bending strength, water absorption, and surface abrasion values of ICB samples at 28 days were in the ranges of 20.6 – 34.9 MPa, 3.95 – 6.62 MPa, 3.8 – 7.2%, and 0.132 – 0.187 g/cm2, respectively. Therefore, either partial or full replacement of CSA by IBA, the ICB with grades of M200 – M300 could be produced with satisfying the TCVN 6476:1999 standard in terms of dimensions, visible defects, compressive strength, water absorption, and surface abrasion. These results demonstrated the high applicability of the local IBA in the production of the ICB for various construction application purposes. Keywords: interlocking concrete brick; waste incineration bottom ash; visible defect; compressive strength; bending strength; water absorption; surface abrasion.

Download Full-text

Fluidized bed combustion bottom ash: A better and alternative geo-material resource for construction

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x18761561 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 351-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

AK Mandal ◽

Bala Ramudu Paramkusam ◽

OP Sinha

Keyword(s):

Fluidized Bed ◽

Coal Combustion ◽

Construction Material ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Base Material ◽

Filter Material ◽

Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽

River Sand ◽

Pulverized Combustion

Though the majority of research on fly ash has proved its worth as a construction material, the utility of bottom ash is yet questionable due to its generation during the pulverized combustion process. The bottom ash produced during the fluidized bed combustion (FBC) process is attracting more attention due to the novelty of coal combustion technology. But, to establish its suitability as construction material, it is necessary to characterize it thoroughly with respect to the geotechnical as well as mineralogical points of view. For fulfilling these objectives, the present study mainly aims at characterizing the FBC bottom ash and its comparison with pulverized coal combustion (PCC) bottom ash, collected from the same origin of coal. Suitability of FBC bottom ash as a dike filter material in contrast to PCC bottom ash in replacing traditional filter material such as sand was also studied. The suitability criteria for utilization of both bottom ash and river sand as filter material on pond ash as a base material were evaluated, and both river sand and FBC bottom ash were found to be satisfactory. The study shows that FBC bottom ash is a better geo-material than PCC bottom ash, and it could be highly recommended as an alternative suitable filter material for constructing ash dikes in place of conventional sand.

Download Full-text

Engineering properties of lightweight geopolymer synthesized from coal bottom ash and rice husk ash

10.1063/1.5033409 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nguyen Hoc Thang ◽

Nguyen Ngoc Hoa ◽

Pham Vo Thi Ha Quyen ◽

Nguyen Ngoc Kim Tuyen ◽

Tran Vu Thao Anh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Coal Bottom Ash

Download Full-text

PEMANFAATAN ABU BATUBARA SEBAGAI MATERIAL TANAH DASAR DI TAMBANG BATU HIJAU, SUMBAWA BARAT

Prosiding Temu Profesi Tahunan PERHAPI ◽

10.36986/ptptp.v1i1.101 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 595-602

Author(s):

Mara Maswahenu ◽

Firmansyah Firmansyah ◽

Aulya Salsabila

Keyword(s):

Bottom Ash ◽

Base Material ◽

Coal Ash ◽

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure ◽

Loss On Ignition ◽

The Road ◽

Road Base ◽

Access Road ◽

Leaching Procedure ◽

Radionuclide Activity

ABSTRAK Pemanfaatan abu batubara (Fly Ash B409 dan Bottom Ash B410) yang sebelumnya dimanfaatkan oleh PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara (PTAMNT) di tambang Batu Hijau sebagai substitusi semen dalam pembuatan beton hanya menyerap 1,7% dari total abu batubara yang dihasilkan. PLTU PTAMNT dapat menghasilkan ± 1.000 ton abu batubara per bulan. Tujuan pemanfaatan abu batubara sebagai material campuran lapisan tanah dasar adalah meningkatkan penerapan prinsip 3R limbah B3 secara internal (sampai dengan 100%) dan mengurangi biaya perawatan dan perbaikan jalan dengan meningkatnya kualitas lapisan tanah dasar. Pada awal tahun 2018, PTAMNT telah memulai kajian pemanfaatan abu batubara sebagai bahan lapisan tanah dasar (road base) dan telah memperoleh izin pemanfataan abu batubara sebagai substitusi bahan baku tanah lapisan dasar (subgrade) sesuai Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor SK.337/Menlhk/Setjen/PLB.3/5/2019 tanggal 13 Mei 2019. Beberapa pengujian telah dilakukan sesuai persyaratan yang telah ditentukan dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 101 Tahun 2014 dan dalam izin pemanfaatan, termasuk diantaranya uji Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), Loss on Ignition (LoI), Total Oksida Logam, uji California Bearing Ratio (CBR) laboratorium dengan berbagai komposisi pencampuran tanah dan abu batubara, serta uji aktivitas radionuklida. Hasil uji sampel campuran abu batubara menunjukan bahwa (1) semua hasil analisis TCLP berada di bawah baku mutu pada Lampiran III dan IV PP101 Tahun 2014, (2) nilai LoI sebesar 8,4%, (3) nilai total oksida logam (penjumlahan SiO2, Al2O3, dan Fe2O3) sebesar 66,1% (kelas C menurut ASTM C618012a dan SNI 2460:2014), (4) pencampuran tanah dengan abu batubara dapat menaikkan nilai CBR (4-18%), dan (5) aktivitas radionuklida setiap parameter kurang dari 1Bq/gram. Dinyatakan bahwa pencampuran abu batubara pada lapisan tanah dasar (road base) secara teknis dapat memberikan peningkatan kekuatan daya dukung tanah dasar dengan menaikkan hydraulic conductivity dan menurunkan permeabilitas tanah. Pemanfaatan ini (yang mana telah mendapatkan izin sesuai peraturan perundangan yang berlaku) dapat diaplikasikan pada jalan akses di area reklamasi timbunan batuan penutup dengan ketebalan 2.00 meter atau jalan umum di area sekitar Batu Hijau dengan ketebalan 0.50 meter. Komposisi abu batubara yang dicampurkan maksimal 50% dari berat total campuran tanah dasar Keywords: Abu batubara, Limbah B3, pemanfaatan, 3R ABSTRACT Coal ash utilization (Fly Ash B409 dan Bottom Ash B410) that has been conducted by PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara (PTAMNT) in Batu Hijau Mine as cement substitute for concrete production was only be able to absorb 1.7% of the total coal ash produced. PTAMNT’s Coal Power Plant can produce ±1,000 m3 coal ash each month. The purposes of utilizing coal ash as road base material blend are to increase the principal application of hazardous waste 3R internally (up to 100%) and to reduce road maintenance and repair cost by increasing the road base quality. In the early 2018, PTAMNT has started the study to utilize coal ash as a road base material blend and acquired the permit based on The Decree of Minister of Environmental Affairs and Forestry Number SK.337/Menlhk/Setjen/PLB.3/5/2019 dated 13 May 2019. Several tests had been run according to the regulated requirements on Government Regulations Number 101 Year 2014, in which include Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test, Loss on Ignition (LoI), Total Metal Oxide, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) laboratory test with several composition of blend between soil and coal ash, and radionuclide activity test. The result of the given test showed that (1) all TCLP analysis were below the quality standards written on Attachment III and IV PP101 Year 2014, (2) LoI value of 8.4%, (3) total metal oxide (addition of SiO2, Al2O3, dan Fe2O3) value of 66.1% (class C according to ASTM C618012a and SNI 2460:2014), (4) increased CBR value (4-18%) as a result of soil-coal ash blend, (5) radionuclide activity for each parameter is less than 1 Bq/gram. It is stated that coal ash blending on road base material can increase the strength capacity technically by increasing the hydraulic conductivity and reducing soil permeability. This utilization (which already obtained the permit pursuant to prevailing laws and regulations) can be applied on the access road of waste rock dump reclamation with 2,00 meter thickness or primary access road around Batu Hijau with 0.50 meter thickness. The maximum total composition of coal ash is 50% of the total weight of the road base. Keywords: Coal Ash, Hazardous Waste, Utilization, 3R

Download Full-text

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Ashes as Construction Materials—A Review

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13143143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 3143

Author(s):

Byoung Hooi Cho ◽

Boo Hyun Nam ◽

Jinwoo An ◽

Heejung Youn

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Asphalt Binder ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration ◽

Research Activities ◽

The U.S

Over the past decades, extensive studies on municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes have been performed to develop more effective recycling and waste management programs. Despite the large amount of research activities and the resulting improvements to MSWI ashes, the recycling programs for MSWI ashes are limited. For instance, although the U.S. generates more MSWI ashes than any other country in the world, its reuse/recycle programs are limited; bottom ash and fly ash are combined and disposed of in landfills. Reuse of MSWI ashes in the construction sectors (i.e., geomaterials, asphalt paving, and concrete products) as replacements for raw materials is one of most promising options because of the large consumption and relatively lenient environmental criteria. The main objective of this study was to comprehensively review MSWI ashes with regard to specific engineering properties and their performance as construction materials. The focus was on (1) the current practices of MSWI ash management (in particular, a comparison between European countries and the U.S.), (2) the engineering properties and performance of ashes when they are used as substitutes of construction materials and for field applications, and (3) the environmental properties and criteria for the use of MSWI ashes. Overall, the asphalt and concrete applications are the most promising, from both the mechanical and leachate viewpoints. However, cons were also observed: high absorption of MSWI ash requires a high asphalt binder content in hot-mix asphalt, and metallic elements in the ash may generate H2 gas in the high-pH environment of the concrete. These side effects can be predicted via material characterization (i.e., chemical and physical), and accordingly, proper treatment and/or modified mix proportioning can be performed prior to use.

Download Full-text

Coal ash as structural fill, with special reference to Ontario experience

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t88-080 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 694-704 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

P. S. Toth ◽

H. T. Chan ◽

C. B. Cragg

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Groundwater Monitoring ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Coal Ash ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Physical Behavior ◽

Corrosion Studies ◽

Groundwater Regime ◽

The Impact

Fly ash and bottom ash obtained from coal-fired electric power generating stations can be used as alternatives to natural materials for the construction of structural fills. The engineering properties of coal ash pertinent to its use in structural fills are discussed. Four case studies of coal ash structural fills are presented. The performance of these fills was monitored during and after construction. These cases demonstrate that the physical behavior of fly ash is similar to that of silt and that it can be handled with similar methods. Groundwater monitoring data from existing fly ash fills are presented to show the impact that ash leachate migrating into the groundwater regime has on water quality. Results of long-term corrosion studies are presented to show that metals buried in ash, used in such structures as culverts, cable ducts, guard rails and streetlights, are not adversely affected. Ash leachate was found not to be detrimental to good-quality concrete structures. Key words: fly ash, fill, compaction, leachate, corrosion, concrete.

Download Full-text

Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer: Green Material in Carbon-Constrained Society

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.321.65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 321 ◽

pp. 65-71

Author(s):

Hoc Thang Nguyen ◽

Phong Thanh Dang

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Power Plants ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Coal Ash ◽

Raw Material ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Green Materials ◽

Alumino Silicate

Climate change is recognized as a global problem and even the industrial and construction sectors are trying to reduce the green-house gas emissions, especially on CO2 emissions. In Vietnam, the coal-fired thermal power plants are discharging millions of tons of CO2 and coal ash annually. This coal ash is comprised of about 80% of fly ash and the rest is bottom ash. This study would like to introduce one of the potential solutions in a carbon-constrained society that would not only manage the fly ash but also utilized this as raw material for green materials through geopolymerization. The geopolymer-based material has lower energy consumption, minimal CO2 emissions and lower production cost as it valorizes industrial waste. The fly ash containing high alumino-silicate resources from a coal-fired power plant in Vietnam was mixed with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solutions to obtain the geopolymeric pastes. The pastes were molded in 10x10x20cm molds and then cured at room temperature for 28 days. The 28-day geopolymer specimens were carried out to test for engineering properties such as compressive strength (MPa), volumetric weight (kg/m3), and water absorption (kg/m3). The microstructure analysis was also conducted for this eco-friendly materials using X ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Differential Thermal Analysis - Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA).

Download Full-text