The display makes a difference:  A mobile eye tracking study on the perception of art before and after a museum’s rearrangement

There is increasing awareness that the perception of art is affected by the way it is presented. In 2018, the Austrian Gallery Belvedere redisplayed its permanent collection. Our multi-disciplinary team seized this opportunity to investigate the viewing behavior of specific artworks both before and after the museum’s rearrangement. In contrast to previous mobile eye tracking (MET) studies in museums, this study benefits from the comparison of two realistic display conditions (without any research interference), an unconstrained study design (working with regular museum visitors), and a large data sample (comprising 259 participants). We employed a mixed-method approach that combined mobile eye tracking, subjective mapping (a drawing task in conjunction with an open interview), and a questionnaire in order to relate gaze patterns to processes of meaning-making. Our results show that the new display made a difference in that it 1) generally increased the viewing times of the artworks; 2) clearly extended the reading times of labels; and 3) deepened visitors’ engagement with the artworks in their exhibition reflections. In contrast, interest in specific artworks and art form preferences proved to be robust and independent of presentation modes.

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Students in sight: Using mobile eye-tracking to investigate mathematics teachers’ gaze behaviour during task instruction-giving

Frontline Learning Research ◽

10.14786/flr.v9i4.965 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 92-115

Author(s):

Olli Maatta ◽

Nora McIntyre ◽

Jussi Palomäki ◽

Markku S. Hannula ◽

Patrik Scheinin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Mathematical Problem ◽

Task Instruction ◽

Task Instructions ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Gaze Patterns ◽

Gaze Behaviour ◽

Geometry Problem ◽

Verbal Data ◽

Mobile Eye Tracking

Abstract Mobile eye-tracking research has provided evidence both on teachers' visual attention in relation to their intentions and on teachers’ student-centred gaze patterns. However, the importance of a teacher’s eye-movements when giving instructions is unexplored. In this study we used mobile eye-tracking to investigate six teachers’ gaze patterns when they are giving task instructions for a geometry problem in four different phases of a mathematical problem-solving lesson. We analysed the teachers’ eye-tracking data, their verbal data, and classroom video recordings. Our paper brings forth a novel interpretative lens for teacher’s pedagogical intentions communicated by gaze during teacher-led moments such as when introducing new tasks, reorganizing the social structures of students for collaboration, and lesson wrap-ups. A change in the students’ task changes teachers’ gaze patterns, which may indicate a change in teacher’s pedagogical intention. We found that teachers gazed at students throughout the lesson, whereas teachers’ focus was at task-related targets during collaborative instruction-giving more than during the introductory and reflective task instructions. Hence, we suggest two previously not detected gaze types: contextualizing gaze for task readiness and collaborative gaze for task focus to contribute to the present discussion on teacher gaze

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Eye-tracking analyses of physician face gaze patterns in consultations

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-99068-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

C. Jongerius ◽

H. G. van den Boorn ◽

T. Callemein ◽

N. T. Boeske ◽

J. A. Romijn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Dwell Time ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Methodological Choices ◽

Gaze Patterns ◽

Secondary Analyses ◽

Methodological Guidelines ◽

Consultation Time ◽

Mobile Eye Tracking

AbstractFace gaze is a fundamental non-verbal behaviour and can be assessed using eye-tracking glasses. Methodological guidelines are lacking on which measure to use to determine face gaze. To evaluate face gaze patterns we compared three measures: duration, frequency and dwell time. Furthermore, state of the art face gaze analysis requires time and manual effort. We tested if face gaze patterns in the first 30, 60 and 120 s predict face gaze patterns in the remaining interaction. We performed secondary analyses of mobile eye-tracking data of 16 internal medicine physicians in consultation with 100 of their patients. Duration and frequency of face gaze were unrelated. The lack of association between duration and frequency suggests that research may yield different results depending on which measure of face gaze is used. Dwell time correlates both duration and frequency. Face gaze during the first seconds of the consultations predicted face gaze patterns of the remaining consultation time (R2 0.26 to 0.73). Therefore, face gaze during the first minutes of the consultations can be used to predict face gaze patterns over the complete interaction. Researchers interested to study face gaze may use these findings to make optimal methodological choices.

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Navigating Through the Experienced Environment: Insights From Mobile Eye Tracking

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0963721420915880 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 286-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Koraly Pérez-Edgar ◽

Leigha A. MacNeill ◽

Xiaoxue Fu

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Point Of View ◽

Gaze Patterns ◽

The World ◽

The Individual ◽

Insight Into ◽

Mobile Eye Tracking

Researchers are acutely interested in how people engage in social interactions and navigate their environment. However, in striving for experimental or laboratory control, we often instead present individuals with representations of social and environmental constructs and infer how they would behave in more dynamic and contingent interactions. Mobile eye tracking (MET) is one approach to connecting the laboratory to the experienced environment. MET superimposes gaze patterns captured through head- or eyeglass-mounted cameras pointed at the eyes onto a separate camera that captures the visual field. As a result, MET allows researchers to examine the world from the point of view of the individual in action. This review touches on the methods and questions that can be asked with this approach, illustrating how MET can provide new insight into social, behavioral, and cognitive processes from infancy through old age.

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Do you see what I mean?: Using mobile eye tracking to capture parent–child dynamics in the context of anxiety risk

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579420001601 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Leigha A. MacNeill ◽

Xiaoxue Fu ◽

Kristin A. Buss ◽

Koraly Pérez-Edgar

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Positive Reinforcement ◽

Parental Behavior ◽

Anxiety Level ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Controlling Parenting ◽

Attractor Strength ◽

Child Age ◽

Mobile Eye Tracking

Abstract Temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) is a robust endophenotype for anxiety characterized by increased sensitivity to novelty. Controlling parenting can reinforce children's wariness by rewarding signs of distress. Fine-grained, dynamic measures are needed to better understand both how children perceive their parent's behaviors and the mechanisms supporting evident relations between parenting and socioemotional functioning. The current study examined dyadic attractor patterns (average mean durations) with state space grids, using children's attention patterns (captured via mobile eye tracking) and parental behavior (positive reinforcement, teaching, directives, intrusion), as functions of child BI and parent anxiety. Forty 5- to 7-year-old children and their primary caregivers completed a set of challenging puzzles, during which the child wore a head-mounted eye tracker. Child BI was positively correlated with proportion of parent's time spent teaching. Child age was negatively related, and parent anxiety level was positively related, to parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. There was a significant interaction between parent anxiety level and child age predicting parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. This study is a first step to examining the co-occurrence of parenting behavior and child attention in the context of child BI and parental anxiety levels.

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“God, why?”: The Experience of Mothers from the Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Sector after their Child’s Disclosure of Sexual Abuse

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211021982 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110219

Author(s):

Aiala Szyfer Lipinsky ◽

Limor Goldner

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Phenomenological Study ◽

Meaning Making ◽

Initial Step ◽

Well Being ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Drawing Task ◽

Qualitative Phenomenological ◽

Qualitative Phenomenological Study

Studies dealing with the experiences of non-offending mothers from the general population and minority groups after their child’s disclosure of sexual abuse are scarce, and studies on mothers from the Jewish ultra-Orthodox community are non-existent. This study takes an initial step in filling this gap by exploring how the normalization of sexual abuse shapes these mothers’ experiences. A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted on a sample of 21 mothers from the ultra-Orthodox sector whose children had been sexually abused. It consisted of in-depth, semi-structured interviews of the mothers followed by a drawing task on their experience. The analysis of the interviews yielded four central themes: the role of social stigmatization and religion on the mother’s ability to share her child’s abuse; the effect of the disclosure on the mothers’ mental state and maternal competency; the mothers’ ongoing experience in the shadow of this unprocessed/unresolved trauma; and the mothers’ coping strategies, including acceptance, faith, and meaning making. The findings highlight the influence of the tension between the need to adhere to religious norms and preserve the social fabric and the need to enhance mothers’ and children’s well-being.

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Teachers’ Focus of Attention in First-grade Classrooms: Exploring Teachers Experiencing Less and More Stress Using Mobile Eye-tracking

Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research ◽

10.1080/00313831.2021.1958374 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Saswati Chaudhuri ◽

Heli Muhonen ◽

Eija Pakarinen ◽

Marja-Kristiina Lerkkanen

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

First Grade ◽

Focus Of Attention ◽

Mobile Eye Tracking

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The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/1055665620926014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (12) ◽

pp. 1392-1401

Author(s):

Mark P. Pressler ◽

Emily L. Geisler ◽

Rami R. Hallac ◽

James R. Seaward ◽

Alex A. Kane

Keyword(s):

Surgical Treatment ◽

Graduate Students ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Dwell Time ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Average Dwell Time ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Gaze Patterns ◽

Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

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