scholarly journals APPLICATION OF ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN IN IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY – BACKGROUND

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
K. Yu. Shardina ◽  
◽  
S. A. Zamorina ◽  
M. B. Raev ◽  
V. A. Chereshnev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Alpha Fetoprotein ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Pathological Conditions

The immunopharmacological potential of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is closely related to its ability to modulate the activity of cells of the immune system. Due to the immunomodulating properties, as well as the transport function - the transfer of low molecular weight substances, AFP is used in the treatment of a number of pathological conditions. The first attempts to use the therapeutic potential of AFP are associated with the use of extracts of embryonic tissues, with the development of technology, purified AFP from abortive material was used as a drug, and in some cases, recombinant forms of AFP were used. These drugs are intended primarily for the treatment of autoimmune as well as cancer. The review presents data on known variants of AFP dosage forms. In general, the study of the mechanisms of action of AFP at the level of the immune system is currently an urgent issue.

ANALISA KANDUNGAN BETA-GLUKAN LARUT AIR DAN LARUT ALKALI DARI TUBUH BUAH JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus) DAN SHIITAKE (Lentinus edodes)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Netty Widyastuti ◽  
Teguh Baruji ◽  
Henky Isnawan ◽  
Priyo Wahyudi ◽  
Donowati Donowati
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms ◽  
The Difference

Beta glucan is a polysaccharide compound, generally not soluble inwater and resistant to acid. Beta glucan is used as an immunomodulator (enhancing the immune system) in mammals is usually a beta-glucan soluble in water, easily absorbed and has a low molecular weight. Several example of beta-glucan such as cellulose (β-1 ,4-glucan), lentinan (β-1 0.6-glucan) and (β-1 ,3-glucan), pleuran (β-1, 6 and β-1 ,3-glucan) are isolated from species of fungi Basidiomycota include mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes).The purpose of thisresearch activity is to obtain beta-glucan compound that can be dissolved in water and in alkali derived from fungi Basidiomycota, i.e, Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). The result of beta-glucan compared to characterize the resulting beta glucan that is molecular structure . The difference of beta glucan extraction is based on the differences in solubility of beta-glucan. Beta glucan could be water soluble and insoluble water.

scholarly journals PCSK9 as a Target for Development of a New Generation of Hypolipidemic Drugs

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Nikolay Kuzmich ◽  
Elena Andresyuk ◽  
Yuri Porozov ◽  
Vadim Tarasov ◽  
Mikhail Samsonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Ldl Receptors ◽  
Orally Bioavailable ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Membrane Cell

PCSK9 has now become an important target to create new classes of lipid-lowering drugs. The prevention of its interaction with LDL receptors allows an increase in the number of these receptors on the surface of the cell membrane of hepatocytes, which leads to an increase in the uptake of cholesterol-rich atherogenic LDL from the bloodstream. The PCSK9 antagonists described in this review belong to different classes of compounds, may have a low molecular weight or belong to macromolecular structures, and also demonstrate different mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action include preventing the effective binding of PCSK9 to LDLR, stimulating the degradation of PCSK9, and even blocking its transcription or transport to the plasma membrane/cell surface. Although several types of antihyperlipidemic drugs have been introduced on the market and are actively used in clinical practice, they are not without disadvantages, such as well-known side effects (statins) or high costs (monoclonal antibodies). Thus, there is still a need for effective cholesterol-lowering drugs with minimal side effects, preferably orally bioavailable. Low-molecular-weight PCSK9 inhibitors could be a worthy alternative for this purpose.

scholarly journals Modulation of Autophagy for Controlling Immunity

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Jin Jang ◽  
Jae Hwan Kim ◽  
Sanguine Byun
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Additional Role

Autophagy is an essential process that maintains physiological homeostasis by promoting the transfer of cytoplasmic constituents to autophagolysosomes for degradation. In immune cells, the autophagy pathway plays an additional role in facilitating proper immunological functions. Specifically, the autophagy pathway can participate in controlling key steps in innate and adaptive immunity. Accordingly, alterations in autophagy have been linked to inflammatory diseases and defective immune responses against pathogens. In this review, we discuss the various roles of autophagy signaling in coordinating immune responses and how these activities are connected to pathological conditions. We highlight the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators that can impact immune responses and the mechanisms of action responsible.

Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 807-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Mulloy ◽  
Trevor Barrowcliffe ◽  
Elaine Gray
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Unfractionated Heparin ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparins ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

SummaryHeparin is one of the oldest biological medicines, and has an established place in the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) have been developed by several manufacturers and have advantages in terms of pharmacokinetics and convenience of administration. They have been shown to be at least as effective and safe as unfractionated heparin and have replaced the latter in many indications. In this article the chemistry, mechanisms of action, measurement of anticoagulant activities, and clinical status of heparin and LMWH are reviewed.

scholarly journals A Low-Molecular-Weight Antagonist for the Human Thyrotropin Receptor with Therapeutic Potential for Hyperthyroidism

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (12) ◽  
pp. 5945-5950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Neumann ◽  
Gunnar Kleinau ◽  
Stefano Costanzi ◽  
Susanna Moore ◽  
Jian-kang Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Thyrotropin Receptor ◽  
Mrna Transcripts ◽  
Orally Active

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) antagonists for TSH receptor (TSHR) may have therapeutic potential as orally active drugs to block stimulating antibodies (TsAbs) in Graves’ hyperthyroidism. We describe an approach to identify LMW ligands for TSHR based on Org41841, a LMW partial agonist for the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor and TSHR. We used molecular modeling and functional experiments to guide the chemical modification of Org41841. We identified an antagonist (NIDDK/CEB-52) that selectively inhibits activation of TSHR by both TSH and TsAbs. Whereas initially characterized in cultured cells overexpressing TSHRs, the antagonist was also active under more physiologically relevant conditions in primary cultures of human thyrocytes expressing endogenous TSHRs in which it inhibited TSH- and TsAb-induced up-regulation of mRNA transcripts for thyroperoxidase. Our results establish this LMW compound as a lead for the development of higher potency antagonists and serve as proof of principle that LMW ligands that target TSHR could serve as drugs in patients with Graves’ disease.

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