scholarly journals From the First Satellite to Human Space Flights: the Space Project in the System of the Khrushchev Economy (Second Half of the 1950s – First Half of the 1960s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Pivovarov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Space Flights ◽  
Space Projects ◽  
Space Project ◽  
Direct Data ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Approximate Cost ◽  
The Cost

The development of the space industry became one of the priority areas of Soviet science and engineering in the second half of the 20th century. At the same time, the question of the cost of the Soviet space program remains open. The lack of direct data led to various kinds of speculation. The article analyzes the approximate cost of the Soviet space project in the first decade of its existence based on the declassified documents from the former archive of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The article shows from which budget items the Soviet space program was financed. The author demonstrates that the financing of the Soviet space program was organized not as an annual budget expenditure, but as expenses for the implementation of individual programs. Every year, the budget of the USSR was adjusted depending on the volume of work performed. In addition to direct financing, the necessary material and technical resources were allocated for the space projects. An approximate calculation shows that the USSR spent about 20.19 billion rubles in old prices in 1955–1960 and 98.8 million rubles in new prices in 1961–1964. In total, during in the first space decade, the USSR spent about 2 billion rubles in new prices and almost 20 billion rubles in old ones. Comparing with other items of expenditure during the same years, the author shows that the total expenditure on Soviet space program did not exceed 0.30%.

scholarly journals Participation of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory and its staff in the Soviet Space Program in 1960-ies

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
M.A. Balyshev ◽  
◽  
Yu.Yu. Koval ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Astronomical Observatory ◽  
Space Program ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Space Objects ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The 1960S

The article is devoted to the studying of documentary facts on the history of astronomy of the 1960s. Its purpose is to highlight the events related to the participation of the Kharkiv astronomical observatory in the Soviet space program in a certain period. The chronology of involvement of Kharkiv astronomers in programs on development and functioning of objects «V-67», «Е-7», «Е-8», «L-3», «М-69», creation of artificial Lunodrome, processing of photographic materials, that were obtained by spacecraft «Lunar orbiter 2», «Ranger 7», «Surveyor 1», «Luna-9», «Luna-12», «Luna-13», and «Zond-3» are considered. The directions of scientific research in projects «Altai», «Atlas», «Luks», and others of the Astronomical observatory of O.M. Gorky Kharkiv State University are analyzed. The main tasks that the Kharkiv astronomical observatory carried out in the 1960s were found next: photometric studies of details on the reverse side of the Moon; study of the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the lunar soil and its optical properties; photometric analysis of certain areas of the lunar surface; photometric calculations necessary for the design of orientation systems of automatic interplanetary stations; study of the luminosity of the lunar surface. The retro-information resources, which were firstly involved into consideration, provided a chronological sequence of events related to the participation of the University observatory in the development and functioning of artificial space objects during the given period. These resources helped to specify the achievements of Kharkiv astronomers in the Soviet program of space exploration and to prove (or clarify) some little-known facts.

The Soviet Space Program

Science News ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 99 (18) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Everly Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Space Program ◽  
Soviet Space

PROCEDURE OF CALCULATING THE REDUCED COSTS FOR DESIGNING A COMBINED LOW-ORBIT SATELLITE SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Pochernyaev ◽  
◽  
Tetiana Kadatska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite System ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Ground Segment ◽  
Rocket Carrier ◽  
Approximate Cost ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Space Segment

The article provides a method for calculating the costs when designing a promising embodiment of a low-bit satellite system. For Ukraine, the prospects for this option lies in the fact that their own means of achieving a large number of satellites in orbit are applied. At the same time, satellites are multifunctional and used to organize communication and broadcasting, the sounding of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth, subsurface locations, cosmic observation, data collection from the Internet sensors. The space group consists of mini, macro-, nanosterans, which are delivered to the orbit of a domestic rocket carrier into orbit. The technical and economic efficiency of the satellite system lies not only in the above advantages, but also in its hierarchical construction - combination of the root satellite, ministerial repeater, macrovers. The article provides an analysis of other low-bit satellite systems. A feature of the study of the combined LEO is the fact that the proposed construction of the satellite system allows the use of technological distributed registries as one of the through digital technologies. In digital transformation of the economy, the technology of distributed registers plays the same role as Internet things, cloud computing, 5G and Big Data technologies. The method of calculating the presented costs is to calculate the cost of the development, production and operation of the system at the stage of its design. The costs of developing space and ground segments are included in the total capital costs. The costs of developing a space segment are highlighted on the cost of developing a root satellite, a minivan-repeater, microscope. The same approach is also laid for the cost of exploitation of the space segment. When calculating the costs of the ground segment as the main component of earth stations, antenna systems, radio transmission microwaves and radio receiving microwaves, information processing devices, terminal equipment are taken as the main components of earth stations. The approximate cost of serial production of root sieuine, mini satellite, retrograder, microsatellite is indicated. The estimated cost of one minute of access in the studied combined LEO and in the existing "close" to the appointment of a low-bit satellite system is given.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic impacts with the implementation of the railroad EF-118 RJ/ES: comparison of cargo logistics at the Port of Açu

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e995998389
Author(s):  
Matheus Novaes Valinho ◽  
Jhenifer Terezinha Aparecida Mattos Cescon ◽  
Ana Paula Roem Simoni ◽  
Lucília de Lourdes Pellozo Zambrotti
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Industrial District ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Considerable Advantage ◽  
Cargo Handling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Approximate Cost ◽  
The Cost

Since the beginning of operations in 2014, Port of Açu has shown significant growth in relation to cargo handling, with all demand dependent on road transport. However, there is a proposal for the implementation of the EF-118 railway that would interconnect Rio de Janeiro and Vitória, serving the region of Port. This work seeks to economically evaluate the advantages of the implementation of the railway modal compared to the roadway already used in the region. Due to the intense flow of cargo in the Industrial-Port Complex, the possibility of building a new highway, the RJ-244, is being studied, extending from the industrial district to BR-101. For this purpose, surveys were conducted to determine the average daily volume of vehicles circulating in the region, in addition to the different types of cargo transported and their relationship with Port. Based on the information collected in the Traffic Studies Report issued, it was possible to relate data and achieve at the value of the average annual daily volume for each category of cargo handled in the Port. Bearing in mind that in 2019, Port of Açu handled approximately 751 thousand tons of cargo and analyzing the estimated costs by ABIFER for road and rail transport, the approximate cost values for each one per ton of cargo per kilometer were reached. Comparing values, it is possible to notice that the cost of transporting cargo by rail corresponds to about 16.6% of the amount spent on transporting of the same weight of cargo by road, which means a considerable advantage for its implementation.

scholarly journals Cosmonaut Gossip

Aspasia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Erica L. Fraser ◽  
Kateryna Tonkykh
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Soviet Space

The diaries of Nikolai P. Kamanin, a well-placed official in the early Soviet space program in charge of cosmonaut selection and chaperoning, have been an important source for historians since their publication in the 1990s. This article reevaluates the diary entries from 1961 to 1965, using the framework of gossip. The diaries’ salacious tales of infidelity, drinking, and other violations of communist morality provide cultural historians with as much insightful material as the parallel technological entries have done for historians of science and space engineering. The cosmonaut gossip that Kamanin records comprised a mix of knowledge production and moralizing that built and reinforced his self-fashioning among the Soviet elite. Furthermore, reading the diaries (a private text) through the lens of gossip (a public act) helps us see how socialist masculinity was forged in part through the specific hybridized private-public performances required of elite men.

Evolution of Cost/Schedule Control (Direct Labor) in Naval Shipyards

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 245-253
Author(s):  
Scott N. Gessis
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Schedule Control ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cost

The evolution of a cost/schedule control system (C/SCS) for direct labor in naval shipyards can be traced from the cost/schedule control concept used in the Air Force in the 1960s as an initiative toward more reliable data. Subsequent C/SCS programs were initiated across the Department of Defense (DoD) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As private shipyards came under what is known as cost/ schedule control system criteria (C/SCSC), and its validation requirements, the issue of C/SCS in naval shipyards rose to the surface. In 1984, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) issued a directive which called for C/SCS implementation in naval shipyards. Expanded use and standardization has followed. This paper reviews basic C/SCS principles, how naval shipyards have used C/SCS in improving performance, and how it has been standardized while still retaining a degree of flexibility.

separate double-entry system. Separation of cost accounting from financial accounting was believed to be essential. The reasons that were given then for this separation seem still valid today in view of the maintenance of the same practice in the 1982 Accounting Plan. The most important justifications were the following: 1. It facilitated the establishment and further modification of the cost accounting system; 2. In cases where there were modifications in production or in the company structure, the cost accounts could be adapted without modifying the plan for financial ac­ counting, thus preserving the inter-firm comparability of the financial information, as well as its comparability over time; 3. Charges included in product prices could differ from ex­ penditures registered in financial accounting; 4. The use of contra-accounts allowed complete freedom in cost accounting; the transformation of data for the compu­ tation of product prices and the determination of results of operations could thus be done freely without altering the original accounts [CNOF, 1947, pp. 32-34, 99]. The CNOF Plan was very well designed; however, to preserve the recent tradition introduced by the 1942 Plan, only some of its features were retained in the 1947 Plan. The influence of the CNOF Plan and of the 1942 Plan on the 1947 Plan will be consid­ ered after introducing the latter. THE 1947 ACCOUNTING PLAN As the first official plan drafted after the Liberation, the 1947 Plan constituted the real beginning of accounting normalization in France. It was initially designed for industrial and commercial undertakings, but with the intention of adapting the plan to all sectors of the economy. The ultimate goal of the Committee for the Normalization of Accounting was to create a system that would allow the summation of the accounts of all economic units, thereby facilitating the preparation of national accounts. The Committee was headed by its vice-president, Turpin, who was secretary of the Central Committee for Prices. The secretary of the Committee was Pujol, a state economic expert and former secretary of the adaptation committee for the 1942 Plan. Among the sub-committees that were formed to work on specific topics, the three most important ones were the sub-committee on prin­ ciples, definitions and rules, headed by Fourastie and Lauzel; the

2014 ◽  
pp. 344-344
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Economic Expert ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Cost Accounting System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
System Separation ◽  
Double Entry

scholarly journals Shuttle diplomacy

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (07) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Burton Dicht
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Space Program ◽  
International Space ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

This article analyzes the decisions and technological challenges that drove the Space Shuttle’s development. The goal of the Shuttle program was to create a reusable vehicle that could reduce the cost of delivering humans and large payloads into space. Although the Shuttle was a remarkable flying machine, it never lived up to the goals of an airline-style operation with low operating costs. In January 2004, a year after the Columbia accident, President George W. Bush unveiled the “Vision for U.S. Space Exploration” to guide the U.S. space effort for the next two decades. A major component of the new vision, driven by the recommendations of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, was to retire the Space Shuttle fleet as soon as the International Space Station assembly was completed. With cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, the planned successor to the Shuttle, the U.S. space program is now in an era of uncertainty.

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