scholarly journals Alexander Béla (1857-1916), a magyar radiológia „nagy embere” emlékezete halála 105. évfordulóján

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 343-362
Author(s):  
Éva Bruckner
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Career Ladder ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Medical School Graduation ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The University

Béla Alexander, born in the historical Upper Hungary (Slovakia today) dedicated his whole life to X-rays discovered by Conrad Röntgen. After medical school graduation, he was known as a poet and a community activist as well. For more than ten years he was treating indigent people in Késmárk (Kežmarok today) in the daylight time and experimented with X-rays during the nights. Although Alexander gained an international reputation for his X-ray images and studies, made and written about upper and lower limbs’ bones, the scientific value of his stereoscopic X-rays was argued in Hungarian academic circles. Due to his successful struggles, Alexander moved up the career ladder in the capital Budapest from 1907. Milestones of his career: director of the X-ray lab between 1906 and 1907, then the director of the University Institute for X-rays between 1907 and 1916, which was established on his former X-ray lab.) After his death caused by X-rays, directors of the Institute continued Alexander’s work between the two World Wars.

Development of Standard X-Ray Beams for Calibration of Radiobiology Cabinet and Conformal Irradiators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. King ◽  
Natalie N. Viscariello ◽  
Larry A. DeWerd
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Dose Determination ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Accurate Dose ◽  
The University

This work seeks to develop standard X-ray beams that are matched to radiobiology X-ray irradiators. The calibration of detectors used for dose determination of these irradiators is performed with a set of standard X rays that are more heavily filtered and/or lower energy, which leads to a higher uncertainty in the dose measurement. Models of the XRad320, SARRP, and the X-ray tube at the University of Wisconsin Medical Radiation Research Center (UWMRRC) were created using the BEAMnrc user code of the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code system. These models were validated against measurements, and the resultant modeled spectra were used to determine the amount of added filtration needed to match the X-ray beams at the UWMRRC to those of the XRad320 and SARRP. The depth profiles and half-value layer (HVL) simulations performed using BEAMnrc agreed to measurements within 3% and 3.6%, respectively. A primary measurement device, a free-air chamber, was developed to measure air kerma in the medium energy range of X rays. The resultant spectra of the matched beams had HVL's that matched the HVL's of the radiobiology irradiators well within the 3% criteria recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the average energies agreed within 2.4%. In conclusion, three standard X-ray beams were developed at the UWMRRC with spectra that more closely match the spectra of the XRad320 and SARRP radiobiology irradiators, which will aid in a more accurate dose determination during calibration of these irradiators.

scholarly journals Changes in Characteristics and Practice Patterns of Ontario Psychiatrists

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Kurdyak ◽  
Juveria Zaheer ◽  
Joyce Cheng ◽  
David Rudoler ◽  
Benoit H. Mulsant
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Practice Patterns ◽  
Outpatient Visit ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Practice Characteristics ◽  
Medical School Graduation ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Way

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in demographic, geographic, and practice characteristics of all Ontario psychiatrists between 2003 and 2013 and their implication for access to psychiatrists. Methods: We included all psychiatrists who were clinically active in Ontario in any year from 2003 to 2013. For each psychiatrist, we reported age, sex, years since medical school graduation, geographic practice region, and practice characteristics such as total number of inpatients, outpatients, and outpatient visit frequencies. Results: In 2013, there were 2070 psychiatrists, with nearly half (47%) more than 30 years since medical school graduation. Female psychiatrists comprised 41% of all psychiatrists in 2013 but 56% of all psychiatrists within 15 years of medical school graduation. Between 2003 and 2013, there was a 17% increase in the total number of psychiatrists, with the largest growth in psychiatrists occurring in the group more than 30 years from medical school graduation. Over these 11 years, the mean (SD) number of unique outpatients seen by a psychiatrist annually increased from 208 (228) to 249 (275) (19.5%; P = 0.001), with male psychiatrists, on average, seeing more outpatients annually than female psychiatrists. Conclusion: The number of outpatients seen by psychiatrists is slowly increasing. However, the large proportion of aging psychiatrists, the high concentration of psychiatrists in urban settings, and the increase in the number of female psychiatrists with smaller practices suggest that without radical changes to the way psychiatrists practice, access to psychiatrists will remain a challenge in Ontario.

scholarly journals Implications of aligning full registration of doctors with medical school graduation: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives

BMJ Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e010246 ◽  
Author(s):  
K L Mattick ◽  
K Kaufhold ◽  
N Kelly ◽  
J A Cole ◽  
G Scheffler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
Medical School Graduation ◽  
School Graduation

scholarly journals PROTON-INDUCED X-RAY ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN TISSUE SECTIONS

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. JUNDT ◽  
K. H. PURSER ◽  
H. KUBO ◽  
E. A. SCHENK
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Autopsy Specimens ◽  
The University ◽  
Structure Research

A 3-meV proton beam from the MP Van de Graaff accelerator at the Nuclear Structure Research Laboratory of the University of Rochester has been used to induce characteristic x-rays of trace elements from a variety of biologic samples. The x-ray spectra have been measured with a high resolution Si(Li) detector which can detect and separate in energy x-rays from neighboring elements with Z > 13. Tissue homogenates, frozen sections and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of various tissues obtained from surgical and autopsy specimens have been analyzed. Measurements have been made to check the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method. Data accumulated thus far indicate that this method is useful in evaluating absolute concentration of elements usually present in a given tissue and detecting environmental elements which may have accumulated in a given tissue.

LASER PULSE CIRCULATION SYSTEM FOR COMPACT MONOCHROMATIC TUNABLE HARD X-RAY SOURCE

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 4324-4332
Author(s):  
HARUYUKI OGINO ◽  
MENG DE ◽  
TOMOHIKO YAMAMOTO ◽  
FUMITO SAKAMOTO ◽  
KATSUHIRO DOBASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Pulse ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Electron Linear Accelerator ◽  
Yag Laser ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Band ◽  
Rf Pulse ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The University

We are construcing a laser electron Compton scattering monochromatic tunable hard X-ray source. It consists of the X-band (11.424 GHz) electron linear accelerator and Q-switch Nd : YAG laser. This work is a part of the JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) project. The whole system is a part of the national project on the advanced compact medical accelerator development, hosted by NIRS (National Institute for Radiological Science). The University of Tokyo and KEK are working for the X-ray source. Main advantage of this X-ray source is monochromatic tunable hard X-rays (10-50keV) with the intensities of 108-109 photons/s. The table-top size X-ray source can generate dual energy monochromatic hard X-ray by turns and it takes about 40ms to chage the X-ray energy. It is calculated that the X-ray intensity is 107 photons/RF-pulse (108 photons/s in 10 pps) by the 35MeV electron and YAG laser (2J/pulse). The X-band beam line for the demonstration is under construction. We designed a laser pulse circulation system to increase the X-ray yield 10 times higer (up to 108 photons/RF-pulse, 109 photons/s). It can be proved that the laser total energy increases 10 times higher by the principle experiment with the lower energy laser (25mJ/pulse).

scholarly journals Factors associated with physicians’ choice of a career in research: a retrospective report 15 years after medical school graduation

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Krupat ◽  
Carlos A. Camargo ◽  
Gordon J. Strewler ◽  
Janice A. Espinola ◽  
Thomas J. Fleenor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Retrospective Report ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Medical School Graduation ◽  
School Graduation

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Specialty Choice Among Doctors Who Received Tuition Scholarships

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bich-May Nguyen ◽  
Gregory Bounds
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specialty Choice ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Educational Debt ◽  
Medical School Graduation ◽  
School Graduation

Background and Objectives: The United States is projected to have a shortage of up to 46,000 primary care physicians by 2025. In many cases, medical students appear to select other specialties for financial reasons, including educational debt. Physicians who were part of two BS/MD programs and received full tuition and fee scholarships for college and medical school were surveyed to examine factors that may have impacted their specialty choice. This population of US students was selected because they do not have educational debt, so their choices could be examined independent of this influence. Methods: One hundred forty physicians who graduated from the programs as of June 2013 were invited to complete a 32-question online survey. Descriptive statistics described the population. χ2 tests and nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) tests compared primary care and nonprimary care physicians as well as those initially interested in primary care who changed before medical school graduation versus those who went into primary care. Factor analysis and Student t-test examined trends among Likert scale questions. Results: For the physicians for whom contact information was available, 74 (53%) responded. Out of 74 respondents, 18 (24%) went into primary care. Perceptions of family medicine, comments from faculty, and lifestyle played a role in deterring students from primary care. Conclusions: Full tuition and fee scholarships alone were not associated with more students choosing primary care.

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