Development of Standard X-Ray Beams for Calibration of Radiobiology Cabinet and Conformal Irradiators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. King ◽  
Natalie N. Viscariello ◽  
Larry A. DeWerd
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Dose Determination ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Accurate Dose ◽  
The University

This work seeks to develop standard X-ray beams that are matched to radiobiology X-ray irradiators. The calibration of detectors used for dose determination of these irradiators is performed with a set of standard X rays that are more heavily filtered and/or lower energy, which leads to a higher uncertainty in the dose measurement. Models of the XRad320, SARRP, and the X-ray tube at the University of Wisconsin Medical Radiation Research Center (UWMRRC) were created using the BEAMnrc user code of the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code system. These models were validated against measurements, and the resultant modeled spectra were used to determine the amount of added filtration needed to match the X-ray beams at the UWMRRC to those of the XRad320 and SARRP. The depth profiles and half-value layer (HVL) simulations performed using BEAMnrc agreed to measurements within 3% and 3.6%, respectively. A primary measurement device, a free-air chamber, was developed to measure air kerma in the medium energy range of X rays. The resultant spectra of the matched beams had HVL's that matched the HVL's of the radiobiology irradiators well within the 3% criteria recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the average energies agreed within 2.4%. In conclusion, three standard X-ray beams were developed at the UWMRRC with spectra that more closely match the spectra of the XRad320 and SARRP radiobiology irradiators, which will aid in a more accurate dose determination during calibration of these irradiators.

scholarly journals Characterization of laser-driven electron and photon beams using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Fiorini ◽  
D. Neely ◽  
R.J. Clarke ◽  
S. Green
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Target Thickness ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Photon Beams ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Plasma Effects

AbstractWe present a new simulation method to predict the maximum possible yield of X-rays produced by electron beams accelerated by petawatt lasers irradiating thick solid targets. The novelty of the method lies in the simulation of the electron refiluxing inside the target implemented with the Monte Carlo code Fluka. The mechanism uses initial theoretical electron spectra, cold targets and refiluxing electrons forced to re-enter the target iteratively. Collective beam plasma effects are not implemented in the simulation. Considering the maximum X-ray yield obtained for a given target thickness and material, the relationship between the irradiated target mass thickness and the initial electron temperature is determined, as well as the effect of the refiluxing on X-ray yield. The presented study helps to understand which electron temperature should be produced in order to generate a particular X-ray beam. Several applications, including medical and security imaging, could benefit from laser generated X-ray beams, so an understanding of the material and the thickness maximizing the yields or producing particular spectral characteristics is necessary. On the other more immediate hand, if this study is experimentally reproduced at the beginning of an experiment in which there is an interest in laser-driven electron and/or photon beams, it can be used to check that the electron temperature is as expected according to the laser parameters.

scholarly journals PROTON-INDUCED X-RAY ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN TISSUE SECTIONS

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. JUNDT ◽  
K. H. PURSER ◽  
H. KUBO ◽  
E. A. SCHENK
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Autopsy Specimens ◽  
The University ◽  
Structure Research

A 3-meV proton beam from the MP Van de Graaff accelerator at the Nuclear Structure Research Laboratory of the University of Rochester has been used to induce characteristic x-rays of trace elements from a variety of biologic samples. The x-ray spectra have been measured with a high resolution Si(Li) detector which can detect and separate in energy x-rays from neighboring elements with Z > 13. Tissue homogenates, frozen sections and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of various tissues obtained from surgical and autopsy specimens have been analyzed. Measurements have been made to check the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method. Data accumulated thus far indicate that this method is useful in evaluating absolute concentration of elements usually present in a given tissue and detecting environmental elements which may have accumulated in a given tissue.

LASER PULSE CIRCULATION SYSTEM FOR COMPACT MONOCHROMATIC TUNABLE HARD X-RAY SOURCE

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 4324-4332
Author(s):  
HARUYUKI OGINO ◽  
MENG DE ◽  
TOMOHIKO YAMAMOTO ◽  
FUMITO SAKAMOTO ◽  
KATSUHIRO DOBASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Pulse ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Electron Linear Accelerator ◽  
Yag Laser ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Band ◽  
Rf Pulse ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The University

We are construcing a laser electron Compton scattering monochromatic tunable hard X-ray source. It consists of the X-band (11.424 GHz) electron linear accelerator and Q-switch Nd : YAG laser. This work is a part of the JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) project. The whole system is a part of the national project on the advanced compact medical accelerator development, hosted by NIRS (National Institute for Radiological Science). The University of Tokyo and KEK are working for the X-ray source. Main advantage of this X-ray source is monochromatic tunable hard X-rays (10-50keV) with the intensities of 108-109 photons/s. The table-top size X-ray source can generate dual energy monochromatic hard X-ray by turns and it takes about 40ms to chage the X-ray energy. It is calculated that the X-ray intensity is 107 photons/RF-pulse (108 photons/s in 10 pps) by the 35MeV electron and YAG laser (2J/pulse). The X-band beam line for the demonstration is under construction. We designed a laser pulse circulation system to increase the X-ray yield 10 times higer (up to 108 photons/RF-pulse, 109 photons/s). It can be proved that the laser total energy increases 10 times higher by the principle experiment with the lower energy laser (25mJ/pulse).

Control of jaw orientation and position in mastication and speech

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1528-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ostry ◽  
K. G. Munhall
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Average Rotation ◽  
Jaw Position ◽  
The University

1. The kinematics of sagittal-plane jaw motion were assessed in mastication and speech. The movement paths were described in joint coordinates, in terms of the component rotations and translations. The analysis focused on the relationship between rotation and horizontal translation. Evidence was presented that these can be separately controlled. 2. In speech, jaw movements were studied during consonant-vowel utterances produced at different rates and volumes. In mastication, bolus placement, compliance, and size as well as chewing rate were manipulated. Jaw movements were recorded using the University of Wisconsin X-ray microbeam system. Jaw rotation and translation were calculated on the basis of the motion of X-ray tracking pellets on the jaw. 3. The average magnitudes of jaw rotation and translation were greater in mastication than in speech. In addition, in speech, it was shown that the average rotation magnitude may vary independent of the horizontal translation magnitude. In mastication, the average magnitude of vertical jaw translation was not dependent on the magnitudes of jaw rotation or horizontal jaw translation. 4. The magnitude of rotation and horizontal jaw translation tended to be correlated when examined on a trial by trial basis. Some subjects also showed a correlation between jaw rotation and vertical jaw translation. However, the proportion of variance accounted for was greater for all subjects in the case of rotation and horizontal translation. 5. Joint space paths in both mastication and speech were found to be straight. The pattern was observed at normal and fast rates of speech and mastication and for loud speech as well. Straight line paths were also observed when subjects produced utterances that had both the syllabic structure and the intonation pattern of speech. The findings suggest that control may be organized in terms of an equilibrium jaw orientation and an equilibrium jaw position. 6. Departures from linearity were also observed. These were typically associated with differences during jaw closing in the end time of rotation and translation. Start time differences were not observed in jaw closing and the movement paths were typically linear within this region.

scholarly journals Papers read to the Society, April 8, 1897

1897 ◽  
Vol 61 (369-377) ◽  
pp. 221-222
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Free Air ◽  
University College ◽  
University College London ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Lord Kelvin ◽  
The University

I. “The Production of X Rays of different Penetrative Values.” By A. A. C. S winton. Communicated by Lord Kelvin, F. R. S. II. “Photographic Spectra of Stars to the 3 1/2 Magnitude.” By F. McClean, F. R. S. III. “Condensation of Water Vapour in the Presence of Dust-free Air and other Gases.” By C. T. R. Wilson, B.Sc. (Viet.), M.A. (Cantab.), of Sydney Sussex College, Clerk-Maxwell Student in the Dniversity of Cambridge. Communicated by Professor J. J. Thomson, F. R. S. IV. “Double (Antidrome) Conduction in the Central Nervous System.” By C. S. Sherrington, M.A., M.D., F. R. S., Holt Professor of Physiology, University College, Liverpool. V. “Further Note on the Sensory Nerves of Muscles.” By C. S. Sherrington, M.A., M.D., F. R. S., Holt Professor of Physiology in University College, Liverpool. VI. “On the Breaking-up of Fat in the Alimentary Canal under Normal Circumstances and in the Absence of the Pancreas.” By Vaughan Harley, M.D., M.R.C.P., Professor of Pathological Chemistry, University College, London. Communicated by Professor Horsley, F. R. S. VII. “On the Application of Harmonic Analysis to the Dynamical Theory of the Tides. Part I. On Laplace’s ‘ Oscillations of the First Species,’ and on the Dynamics of Ocean Currents.” By S. S. Hough, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College and Isaac Newton Student in the University of Cambridge. Communicated by Professor G. H. Darwin, F. R. S. VIII. “On Boomerangs.” By G. T. Walker, M.A., B.Sc., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Communicated by Professor J. J. Thomson, F. R. S. IX. “Cathode and Lenard Bays.” By J. A. McClelland, M.A, Junior Fellow B.U.I. Communicated by Professor J. J. Thomson, F. R. S.

MONTE CARLO CODE FOR STUDY OF THE RESPONSE FUNCTION OF Si(Li) DETECTORS FOR X-RAYS

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
KÁROLY TŐKÉSI ◽  
TAKESHI MUKOYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Line Shapes ◽  
Calculated Line ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Good Agreement

For more detailed understanding of the line shape of X-ray peaks observed with Si ( Li ) detectors, a new Monte Carlo code was developed and tested in the range of incident X-ray energy less than 5 keV. In our simulation the individual elastic and inelastic processes in the solid and the charge collection probabilities in the different region of detectors are taken into account. The results of our model calculations are compared with experimental data. In general, good agreement is found between the experimental and calculated line shapes. This fact demonstrates the validity of the present model.

THE CANADIAN STANDARD FREE-AIR CHAMBER FOR MEDIUM QUALITY X-RAYS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1677-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Henry ◽  
C. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Air Chamber ◽  
Medium Quality

A description is given of the Canadian standard free-air chamber for measurement of medium quality X-rays, including measurements of the contribution from radiation scattered from the air and from the diaphragm, and a method for the accurate alignment of the chamber and X-ray source.

Development of particle induced X-ray emission-computed tomography in Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Japan Atomic Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Emission Computed

A new micro-particle induced X-ray emission-computed tomography (PIXE-CT) system was developed at Takasaki Ion Accelerators for Advanced Radiation Application in Japan Atomic Energy Agency. In this system, scanning transmission ion microscopy-CT was performed as well as PIXE-CT for three-dimensional (3D) measurement of major elements' distributions, which are required for corrections of X-ray yields due to energy losses of projectiles and absorption of X-rays. Moreover, maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm has been introduced to image reconstruction because higher spatial resolution can be obtained even with less X-ray yields. Consequently, 3D distribution of trace elements in a minute biological cell less than 100 μm has been successfully obtained.

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