The role of probiotics and microbiota in digestion, nutrient and hormone metabolism, and hormonal background maintenance

ABSTRACT Of the information available on steroid hormone metabolism in responsive tissues, only that relating hormone metabolism to physiological activity is reviewed, i. e. metabolite activity in isolated in vitro systems, binding of metabolites to target tissue receptors, specific steroid hormone metabolizing enzymes and relationship of hormone metabolism to target organ physiological state. Further, evidence is presented in the androgen field, demonstrating 5α-reduced metabolites, formed inside the target cells, as active compounds. This has led to a consideration of testosterone as a »prehormone«. The possibility that similar events take place in tissues responding to progesterone is discussed. Finally, the role of hormone metabolism in the regulation of hormone availability and/or renewal in target cells is discussed. In this context, reference is made to the potential role of plasma binding proteins and cytosol receptors.

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Neutralization of TNF does not influence endotoxininduced changes in thyroid hormone metabolism in humans

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r357 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (2) ◽

pp. R357-R362 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tom van der Poll ◽

Erik Endert ◽

Susette M. Coyle ◽

Jan M. Agosti ◽

Stephen F. Lowry

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Hormone Metabolism ◽

Thyroid Hormone Metabolism ◽

Healthy Humans ◽

Transient Rise ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Necrosis Factor ◽

Control Study

To determine the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in endotoxin-induced changes in plasma thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, 24 healthy postabsorptive humans were studied on a control study day ( n= 6), after infusion of a recombinant TNF receptor IgG fusion protein (TNFR:Fc; 6 mg/m2; n = 6) after intravenous injection of endotoxin (2 ng/kg; n = 6), or after administration of endotoxin with TNFR:Fc ( n = 6). Administration of TNFR:Fc alone did not affect thyroid hormone or TSH levels when compared with the control day. Endotoxin induced a transient rise in plasma TNF activity (1.5 h: 219 ± 42 pg/ml), which was completely prevented by TNFR:Fc ( P < 0.05). After endotoxin administration, plasmal-thyroxine (T4), free T4, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), and TSH were lower and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine was higher than on the control day (all P < 0.05). Coinfusion of TNFR:Fc with endotoxin did not influence these endotoxin-induced changes. Our results suggest that endogenous TNF does not play an important role in the alterations in plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations induced by mild endotoxemia in healthy humans.

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Role of the kidney in hormone metabolism and its implications in clinical medicine

Klinische Wochenschrift ◽

10.1007/bf01476870 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (19) ◽

pp. 1005-1012 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. S. Emmanouel ◽

M. D. Lindheimer ◽

A. I. Katz

Keyword(s):

Clinical Medicine ◽

Hormone Metabolism

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The Role of the Hypophysis in the Regulation of Sex Differences in the Activities of Enzymes involved in Hepatic Steroid Hormone Metabolism

Hoppe-Seyler´s Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie ◽

10.1515/bchm2.1974.355.2.1325 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 355 (2) ◽

pp. 1325-1331 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Edmund Rodney Lax ◽

Hanns-Georg Hoff ◽

Rüdiger Ghraf ◽

Elke Schröder ◽

Herbert Schriefers

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Steroid Hormone ◽

Hormone Metabolism

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The role of D2-like receptors in the regulation of juvenile hormone metabolism in Drosophila females in normal state and at increased dopamine level

Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics ◽

10.1134/s1607672911040028 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 439 (1) ◽

pp. 155-157

Author(s):

E. K. Karpova ◽

N. E. Gruntenko ◽

L. V. Shumnaya ◽

I. V. Romanova ◽

I. Yu. Rauschenbach

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Hormone ◽

Normal State ◽

Dopamine Level ◽

Hormone Metabolism ◽

Juvenile Hormone Metabolism

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The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y91-243 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (11) ◽

pp. 1648-1652 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

John R. Arthur

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Selenium Deficiency ◽

Major Influence ◽

Type I ◽

Hormone Metabolism ◽

Thyroid Hormone Metabolism ◽

Iodothyronine Deiodinases ◽

Clinical Changes

In animals, decreases in selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase activity and the resultant impairment of peroxide metabolism can account for many, but not all of the biochemical and clinical changes caused by selenium deficiency. Recently, however, type I iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase has also been shown to be a selenium-containing enzyme. This explains the impairment of thyroid hormone metabolism caused by selenium deficiency in animals with a normal vitamin E status. Since iodothyronine 5′-deiodinases are essential for the production of the active thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, some of the consequences of selenium deficiency may result from thyroid changes rather than inability to metabolise peroxides. In particular, the impaired thyroid hormone metabolism may be responsible for decreased growth and resistance to cold stress in selenium-deficient animals. A further consequence of the role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism is the exacerbation of some of the thyroid changes in iodine deficiency by a concurrent selenium deficiency. Selenium status may therefore have a major influence on the outcome of iodine deficiency in both human and animal populations.Key words: selenium, thyroid hormones, iodothyronine deiodinases, iodine, nutritional disorders.

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Lacking thyroid hormone receptor β gene does not influence alterations in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism during acute illness

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe-07-0601 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 197 (1) ◽

pp. 151-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

J Kwakkel ◽

O Chassande ◽

H C van Beeren ◽

W M Wiersinga ◽

A Boelen

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Hormone Receptor ◽

Thyroid Hormone Receptor ◽

Hormone Metabolism ◽

Thyroid Hormone Metabolism ◽

Males And Females ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Thyroid Hormone Receptor Β

The downregulation of liver deiodinase type 1 (D1) is supposed to be one of the mechanisms behind the decrease in serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) observed during non-thyroidal illness (NTI). Liver D1 mRNA expression is positively regulated by T3, mainly via the thyroid hormone receptor (TR)β1. One might thus expect that lacking the TRβ gene would result in diminished downregulation of liver D1 expression and a smaller decrease in serum T3 during illness. In this study, we used TRβ−/− mice to evaluate the role of TRβ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a bacterial endotoxin)-induced changes in thyroid hormone metabolism. Our results show that the LPS-induced serum T3 and thyroxine and liver D1 decrease takes place despite the absence of TRβ. Furthermore, we observed basal differences in liver D1 mRNA and activity between TRβ−/− and wild-type mice and TRβ−/− males and females, which did not result in differences in serum T3. Serum T3 decreased rapidly after LPS administration, followed by decreased liver D1, indicating that the contribution of liver D1 during NTI may be limited with respect to decreased serum T3 levels. Muscle D2 mRNA did not compensate for the low basal liver D1 observed in TRβ−/− mice and increased in response to LPS in TRβ−/− and WT mice. Other (TRβ independent) mechanisms like decreased thyroidal secretion and decreased binding to thyroid hormone-binding proteins probably play a role in the early decrease in serum T3 observed in this study.

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