Differential involvement of ascorbate and guaiacol peroxidases in soybean drought resistance

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a small but growing component of the agricultural economy of South Africa and is predicted to become a major crop in Africa because of its high protein content. Drought induction at flowering or early stages of pod development has detrimental effects on soybean yield. As antioxidative enzymes play a protective role in plants during various abiotic stress conditions, this study was conducted to investigate how ascorbate (Enzyme Commission (EC) number 1.11.1.1) and guaiacol (EC: 1.11.1.7) peroxidases are involved in soybean drought resistance at different maturity stages (flowering and pod development). We also investigated whether the levels of these enzymes decline with plant maturity. Three tolerant soybean genotypes (G1, G2, G3) and a susceptible genotype (G4*) were used. These cultivars were categorised according to their sensitivity to drought stress in previous studies. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase was significantly induced by drought stress at both growth stages with higher activity in the resistant than susceptible plants, strongly supporting the protective role of this enzyme against drought stress at both developmental stages. The guaiacol peroxidase activity was induced to higher levels in the resistant than in the susceptible plants at flowering only, with no significant increase observed at pod development stage, indicating its selective protective involvement against drought stress. Interestingly, the levels of these enzyme activities were induced in all cultivars at both developmental stages, irrespective of drought stress, indicating that their activities increased with maturity.

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Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Foliar Trigonelline Accumulation inGlycine MaxL

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/s1110724302204039 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 151-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Youngkoo Cho ◽

Victor N. Njiti ◽

Xinbo Chen ◽

Kanokporn Triwatayakorn ◽

My Abdelmajid Kassem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait Loci ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽

Development Stage ◽

Linkage Groups ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Trait Loci ◽

Pod Development ◽

Pod Development Stage ◽

Departure From Normality

The objective of this study was to utilize aGlycine maxRIL population to (1) evaluate foliar trigonelline (TRG) content in field-grown soybean, (2) determine the heritability of TRG accumulation, and (3) identify DNA markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning variation in TRG accumulation. Frequency distributions of 70 recombinant inbred lines showed statistically no significant departure from normality(P>.05)for TRG accumulation measured at pod development stage (R4). Six different molecular linkage groups (LGs) (B2, C2, D2, G, J, and K) were identified to be linked to QTLs for foliar TRG accumulation. Two unique microsatellite markers (SSR) on two different linkage groups identified QTL significantly associated with foliar TRG accumulation: a region on LG J (Satt285)(P=.0019, R2=15.9%)and a second region on LG C2 (Satt079)(P=.0029, R2=13.4%).

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Genotypic variation in root distribution changes and physiological responses of sugarcane induced by drought stress

10.1101/503912 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jariya Namwongsa ◽

Nuntawoot Jongrungklang ◽

Patcharin Songsri

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Drought Resistance ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Distribution ◽

Physiological Traits ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Research Station ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Khon Kaen

Drought is an important factor reducing yield and quality of sugarcane. Root growth and physiological traits are important for maximizing water uptake to improve drought resistance. This study compared the root, shoot and physiological traits under drought stress (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions of various sugarcane varieties grown in rhizoboxes in a greenhouse at the Field Crops Research Station of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Data were recorded for the root, shoot and physiological traits (relative water content, stomatal conductance, SPAD chlorophyll meter reading and chlorophyll fluorescence) at 90 days after transplanting. Root samples were recovered from 11 soil layers at 10 cm intervals from the top to the bottom of the rhizobox, for root length and root dry weight measurements. Drought was imposed on sugarcane at early growth stages altered the root distribution patterns, and differences were evident among the sugarcane genotypes. The sugarcane genotypes adapted to water stress by increasing root length into deeper soil layers. Drought led to increased total root length in KK3, MPT06-166, K88-92, CP38-22, Kps01-12 and KPK98-40. Root lengths and stomatal conductance were positively correlated under WW and DS conditions. Root distribution in the lower soil layers and the percentage of root distribution were higher than those under well-watered conditions. The knowledge gained from this study will aid parental selection in sugarcane breeding programs for drought resistance as the findings strongly suggest that the physiological modification in the root system is a useful drought-resistant mechanism.

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Incidence, bionomics and management of spotted pod borer [Maruca vitrata (Geyer)] in major pulse crops in India-A review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ar.v37i1.9260 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. S. Mahalakshmi ◽

M. Sreekanth ◽

M. Adinarayana ◽

Y. Pushpa Reni ◽

Y. Koteswara Rao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Development Stage ◽

Seed Kernel ◽

Economic Plant ◽

Seasonal Incidence ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Pulse Crops ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Pod Development ◽

Pod Development Stage ◽

Total Life

Spotted pod borer is one of the major biotic constraint for pulses production which can cause damage to the economic plant parts such as flower buds, flowers and pods. The larvae feeds on 39 host species of legume crops. The seasonal incidence of spotted pod borer differed from crop to crop and season to season. However, the peak incidence of larvae was observed at flowering and pod development stage in different pulse crops. Female moths lays flat scaly eggs on floral buds, flowers, leaves, leaf axils, terminal shoots and tender pods. Larvae are translucent with dark brown spots on each segment and larval period lasted from 11 to 21 days and the duration of total life cycle varied from 27 to 36 days on different hosts. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. Neem products such as neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) or neem oil and biocides like <italic>Bacillus thuringiensis</italic> (Bt) showed different levels of efficacy on different crops.

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Estimates of Genetic Variability in Selected Advanced Breeding Lines of Groundnut for Morphological, Yield and Its Contributing Traits under Imposed End-of-Season Drought Stress

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i1430708 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 108-118

Author(s):

G. Chandrashekhara ◽

Hasanali Nadaf ◽

B. N. Harish Babu

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Block Design ◽

Development Stage ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Control Block ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Pod Development ◽

Additive Gene ◽

High Heritability ◽

Pod Development Stage

Aim: To study genetic variability for morphological, yield and its contributing traits in forty groundnut genotypes. Study Design: Randomized complete block design with two replications. Place and Duration of Study: College of Horticulture, Hiriyur, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India during Rabi 2016-17. Methodology: Forty genotypes of groundnut were evaluated under irrigated and imposed end-season drought conditions. Crop was taken care as per recommended package of practices. Stress was imposed by withholding irrigation at pod development stage (@90DAS) for 20 days in drought block. However, control block was provided with regular irrigations. Observations on different morphological, yield and its related traits were recorded on randomly sampled five plants per genotype per replication in both stress-full and stress-free environments. The mean data was subjected to statistical analysis using Genstat 14.1 software. Results: The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant differences observed for all the traits even at p <0.01 level indicating the sufficient variability exist among the entries for the traits under study. High genotypic and phenotypic co-efficient of variation, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean was observed for number pods per plant, immature pods per plant, pod yield per plant and hectare, harvest index, kernel yield per plant, fresh weight of seedlings and kernels per plant under moisture deficit condition. Conclusion: It’s a clear evidence for lesser influence of environment and predominance additive gene action in germplasm for these traits which offers opportunity for selection, unvaryingly direct selection for these traits could be effective for developing high yielding drought tolerant genotypes.

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Studies on Rainwater Harvesting and Reutilization for Protective Irrigation with Farm Pond

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1009.043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 375-383

Author(s):

M. More Ram D. Jagtap Raghunath ◽

R. More Madhukar D. Harkal Anil

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Development Stage ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Farm Pond ◽

Pod Development ◽

Pod Development Stage ◽

Benefit Cost

The research on, ‘Studies on rainwater harvesting and reutilization for protective irrigation with farm pond’ was conducted during the year 2016-17 at demonstration farm of the Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The daily depth of water impounded in the farm pond was recorded for developing stage-storage relationship of the farm pond. For estimation of the loss of water through evaporation from farm pond, daily pan evaporation data was multiplied by pan co-efficient (0.70). The harvested water in the farm pond was utilized for applying protective irrigation to the pigeon pea crop. The experiment consisted six replications and two treatments. One protective irrigation for pigeon pea at pod development stage (T1) was applied on 30.11.2016. The treatment T2 consisted without protective irrigation to pigeon pea. The grain yield of pigeon pea was recorded plot wise.The grain yield data was analyzed using MAUSTAT software and results obtained were compared treatment wise. For economic analysis of the treatments, cost of cultivation, cost of cultural operations, fixed and operational costs of pump and accessories were calculated. These total cost was be used to determine the gross monetary returns (GMR), net monetary returns (NMR) and benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio). The area of top section and bottom section of the farm pond was 279.75 m2 and 516.82 m2 respectively. The average elevation of embankment at top was 413.130m. The average elevation of bottom of pond was 410.210m. The elevation at the bottom of outlet was 412.437m. The maximum depth of water impounded and maximum storage volume in the farm pond was 2.165m and 933.99m3 respectively. The total water evaporated through farm pond for the month of July, August, September, October, November and December 2016 was found to be 19.14 m3, 32.60m3, 25.40 m3, 35.9882m3, 29.8620m3 and 1.1965 m3 respectively. The maximum water evaporated through the farm pond was recorded in the month of October-2016. Total evaporation loss through the farm pond recorded was144.17 m3.The seepage loss through the pond for the month of July August, September, October, November and December 2016 was found to 634.88, 358.05 m3, 651.80 m3, 611.64 m3, 147.33 m3, and 37.89 m3 respectively. The maximum water seepage through the farm pond was recorded in the month of September -2016.The total seepage loss recorded through the farm pond was 2441.59 m3. The harvested water in the farm pond was utilized for irrigating the pigeon pea crop at its pod development stage. One of protective irrigation (T1) recorded significantly higher pigeon pea grain yield than treatment of without protective irrigation (T2). Due to the one protective irrigation, 27.30 per cent grain yield increased over or control was observed. The study revealed that the treatment T1 i. e. one protective irrigations at pod development stage recorded highest GMR (111302.00Rs/ha) and NMR (76302.00) as compared to control (T2) i. e. without protective irrigation. The benefit- cost ratio (2.18) is found to be higher under the treatment T1i. e. one protective irrigation pod development stage. The lowest B:C ratio (1.69) is estimated under the treatment T2 (without protective irrigation).

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Morphological and Physiological Performance of Indian Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Genotypes in Respect to Drought

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4550 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nishi Mishra ◽

M.K. Tripathi ◽

Sushma Tiwari ◽

Niraj Tripathi ◽

Neha Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Soybean Genotypes ◽

Physiological Analysis ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Different Growth Stages

Background: Soybean is a key crop that grants an imperative supply of oils and proteins to humans and animals; however, its productivity spectacularly diminished owing to the occurrence of drought stress. Methods: The present investigation was executed during Kharif 2018-2019 to recognize drought tolerant genotypes on the basis of an array of morpho-physiological traits. Morpho-physiological analysis among 53 genotypes divulged the existence of drought tolerance capability in studied genotypes.Result: On the basis of current findings, it can be concluded that drought stress retards the growth and metabolic activity of soybean genotypes. These parameters showed considerable amount of variability under drought stress at different growth stages in soybean. Among 53 soybean genotypes, four genotypes viz., JS97-52, AMS 2014-1, RVS-14 and NRC-147 was found to be drought tolerant.

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Biological Control of Blossom Blight of Alfalfa Caused by Botrytis cinerea Under Environmentally Controlled and Field Conditions

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1246 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (11) ◽

pp. 1246-1251 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

G. Q. Li ◽

H. C. Huang ◽

S. N. Acharya ◽

R. S. Erickson

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Development Stage ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Trichoderma Atroviride ◽

Clonostachys Rosea ◽

Pod Development ◽

Seed Rot ◽

Pod Development Stage

Fungal and bacterial antagonists were tested for their inhibition of sporulation of Botrytis cinerea on detached alfalfa florets. Clonostachys rosea, Gliocladium catenulatum, and Trichoderma atroviride were evaluated for protecting young blossoms and pods of alfalfa from infection by B. cinerea in vitro. C. rosea was further tested to control pod rot and seed rot caused by B. cinerea under field conditions. The results showed that four of the tested antagonists, C. rosea, G. catenulatum, T. atroviride, and Trichothecium roseum, could inhibit sporulation by B. cinerea on detached alfalfa florets. Both C. rosea and G. catenulatum were effective in suppression of infection of alfalfa pods by B. cinerea when inoculated on fresh petals of alfalfa at the anthesis stage, and their efficacy was greater than that of Trichoderma atroviride. A significant suppression of B. cinerea by C. rosea and G. catenulatum on pods and seed of alfalfa was observed when they were inoculated on senescent petals at the pod-development stage. Results of a field trial indicated that C. rosea applied to upper parts of alfalfa plants significantly suppressed pod rot and seed rot caused by B. cinerea, and significantly increased seed production of alfalfa in each of 3 years. These studies show that C. rosea has potential as a biocontrol agent for control of alfalfa blossom blight caused by B. cinerea.

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Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on growth, yield and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v0iof.9393 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mudalagiriyappa ◽

M. Sameer Ali ◽

B. K. Ramachandrappa ◽

Nagaraju ◽

B. C. Shankaralingappa

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Development Stage ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Pod Development ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Pod Development Stage

A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2012-13 and 2013-14 on red sandy clay loam soil to study the effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on chickpea. The experiment consisted of fifteen treatments which were replicated thrice in RCB Design. Results indicated that spray of water soluble fertilizer (19:19:19) at 1.5 % concentration at flowering and pod development stage along with basal application of fertilizers (13.5: 25: 25 kg N, P2O5, K2O) significantly increased growth attributes, yield and benefit cost ratio in chickpea cultivation. Further increase in spray concentration up to 2.0 % did not significantly improve the performance of chickpea.

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Effects of long-term reduced tillage on weed infestation of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2014.029 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 119-126

Author(s):

Andrzej Woźniak ◽

Myroslawa Soroka

Keyword(s):

Pisum Sativum ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Development Stage ◽

Conventional System ◽

Weed Species ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

The Third ◽

Pod Development ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Pod Development Stage

The study evaluated weed infestation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivated under conditions of conventional (CT), reduced (RT) and herbicide tillage (HT). It demonstrated the highest weed density per m2 in plots with the herbicide (HT) and reduced (RT) systems and significantly lower weed infestation in plots cultivated in the conventional system (CT). In addition, more weeds occurred at the third leaf stage (13/14 in BBCH scale) than at the pod development stage (73/74 BBCH) of pea. The highest biomass was produced by weeds in the herbicide system (HT), a lower one – in the reduced system (RT), and the lowest one – in the conventional system (CT). The air-dry weight of weeds depended also on pea development stage. At the pod development stage (73/74 BBCH), the air-dry weight of weeds was significantly higher than at the third leaf stage (13/14 BBCH). The tillage system was also observed to influence the species composition of weeds. This trait was also affected by the period of weed infestation assessment. At the third leaf stage of pea (13/14 BBCH), there occurred 26 weed species, including 24 annual ones. The most abundant species included: Chenopodium album L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med., Matricaria inodora L., Thlaspi arvense L., and Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. At the pod development stage (73/74 BBCH), the pea crop was colonized by 24 weed species, including 3 perennial ones. At this stage the predominant species included: Avena fatua L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Papaver rhoeas L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.B., Matricaria inodora L., and Galeopsis tetrahit L.

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Response of Summer Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek] to Foliar Potash Fertilization under Different Moisture Regimes

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-5840 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

K. Shivashankar ◽

Adesh Singh ◽

Sanjeev Singh

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Development Stage ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Net Returns ◽

Moisture Regimes ◽

Pod Development ◽

Pod Development Stage ◽

Design Result

Background: Scheduling of irrigation is the major factor in producing higher yields of summer crops. Water stress during the sensitive stages will cause significant reduction in yield. Potassium (K+) is reported as an important element in reducing the ill effects of crop water stress. Foliar application of potassium increases the drought tolerance in mungbean. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was conducted to study the response of summer mungbean to foliar potassic fertilization under different moisture regimes during 2018 at SVPUAT, Meerut (U.P). Methods: It included 12 treatment combinations comprised of 2 irrigation schedules (0.6 and 0.4 IW/CPE ratio) and 6 foliar potassium treatments (1% spray of K through KNO3 and/or KCl at flowering, flowering and pod development stage including control), replicated thrice and were tested under a split-plot design. Result: The results indicated that, the growth parameters, yield and yield attributes of mungbean were significantly higher under 0.6 IW/CPE ratio as compared to 0.4. The gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were also found highest with 0.6 IW/CPE ratio. Among the foliar application of potassium treatments, the growth attributes, yield and yield attributes were significantly increased by foliar application of 1% K through KNO3/KCl at flowering and pod development stage. The foliar application of 1% K through KNO3 at flowering and pod development stage fetched significantly higher gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio, but remained on par with dual spray of 1% K through KCl. The interaction effect between irrigation regimes and potassium foliar levels was non-significant for most of the parameters.

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