Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolated in the first outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in the Azores Islands: a case report

Twenty Mycobacterium bovis isolates from a first reported outbreak in the Azores Islands were differentiated into four spoligotypes: SB0119 (45%), SB0121 (40%), SB1264 (10%) and SB1090 (5%) and into two MIRU-VNTR allelic profiles using eight selected loci. The isolates seem to constitute a clonal lineage from a common source of infection. The limited diversity among the analysed Azores strains isolates could be due to the close contact of animals and use of common pastures and all herds can be seen as one epidemiological unit. The population structure of these strains with its low diversity differs from the Portugese mainland indicating a recent infection with accompanying evident founder effect.

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Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. I. Tuberculosis in cattle

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s002217240007073x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 195-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

J. W. Wilesmith ◽

T. W. A. Little ◽

H. V. Thompson ◽

C. Swan

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Tuberculin Test ◽

Common Source ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Short Period ◽

Major Outbreak ◽

Two Peaks

SUMMARYA major outbreak of tuberculosis occurred in cattle on a farm in Dorset between 1970 and 1976. Six hundred and twenty-six cattle were slaughtered either because they reacted to the tuberculin test or had been exposed to infection. No source of infection was found until 1974 when badgers infected with Mycobacterium bovis were first discovered.An analysis of the tuberculin test records of this herd and the six surrounding herds indicated that tuberculosis had been a sporadic problem since the early 1960's. Two peaks of infection occurred in the most severely affected herd in 1970 and 1974 when 29·8% and 27·3% of animals, respectively, reacted to the tuberculin test. These figures are exceptionally high. During the last 20 years there have been two periods when all the herds in the area had synchronous outbreaks consistent with a common source.Analysis indicated that cattle were at greatest risk in April and May and suggest that there was re-exposure to infection at this time each year. In addition the cattle were apparently exposed to M. bovis, at sufficiently high levels for transmission to occur, for only a relatively short period of time.

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Bovine tuberculosis in one cattle herd in Ibadan in Nigeria

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/5730-vetmed ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 49 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 406-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. I B Cadmus ◽

N. N Atsanda ◽

S. O Oni ◽

E. E U Akang

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Molecular Typing ◽

Human Population ◽

Tuberculin Test ◽

Cattle Herd ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Risk Of Infection ◽

Cultural Isolation ◽

Male Animal

Bovine tuberculosis was investigated in one private herd with 171 cattle after five cases were suspected to be tuberculous following post mortem examination. Using the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test 18 (10.5%) animals (ages from 2 to 12 years) were positive: 11 animals of N’dama breed and seven animals of White Fulani (i.e. Bunaji) breed; 17 female and one male animal. In all 11 randomly selected positive reactors, a spectrum of tuberculous lesions affecting the lungs, spleen, heart, liver, and the lymph nodes were observed. All the smear samples obtained were positive for acid-fast bacilli; cultural isolation confirmed the growth of mycobacteria on pyruvate-enriched Loewenstein-Jensen medium, which were identified by molecular typing to be Mycobacterium bovis. This study demonstrates widespread infection in this cattle herd and potential risk of infection for the human population with M. bovis.

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Aspects of the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in badgers and cattle. II. The development and use of a typing system for Mycobacterium bovis

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400068996 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 247-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

P. A. Barrow

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Simple Method ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Typing System ◽

Specific Variation

SUMMARYA relatively simple method for the detection of intra-specific variation of Mycobacterium bovis is described, based on the ability of strains to utilize or remove amino acids from solution. Using the method, 31 strains of M. bovis, isolated from badgers and cattle, have been divided into four major groups with some additional sub-groups and intermediate strains. Preliminary results suggest that the biotypes observed are relatively stable. The method was used in the investigation of an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Gloucestershire where badgers were implicated as a source of infection. The results suggested that transmission of infection had occurred on at least two or three separate occasions. It is suggested that the method could be used in studying the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in wild animals, cattle and man.

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Mycobacterium Bovis infection in children in the same family: transmission through inhalation

Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease ◽

10.4081/monaldi.2007.490 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

Author(s):

A.A. Velayati ◽

P. Farnia ◽

M.R. Boloorsaze ◽

M.F. Sheikholslami ◽

S. Khalilzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Molecular Typing ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Route Of Transmission ◽

Dairy Milk ◽

Family Transmission

Two children in the same family were infected with Mycobacterium bovis (“M. bovis”). The molecular typing showed an identical source of infection. Althoughon school of thought was that the route of transmission was by ingestion of contaminated dairy milk, in other it was thought to be by air-borne transmission. The presentation highlighted the possibility of M. bovis infection in the pediatrics populations through aerosols.

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Bovine tuberculosis: making a case for effective surveillance

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268810000786 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 139 (1) ◽

pp. 105-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

C. PROBST ◽

C. FREULING ◽

I. MOSER ◽

L. GEUE ◽

H. KÖHLER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Meat Inspection ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Common Source ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Gross Lesions ◽

Western Germany ◽

Tuberculin Testing ◽

North Western ◽

Animal Trade

SUMMARYIn 2008, a cow with marked gross lesions suspicious for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was identified by meat inspection at home slaughtering in north-western Germany. Epidemiological investigations led to the identification of another 11 affected farms with a total of 135 animals which reacted positive to the skin test. Eight affected farms had been in trade contact with the putative index farm. While the source for the initial introduction remained unknown, it was shown that all isolates tested shared the same molecular characteristics suggesting a common source of infection. The findings demonstrate that bTB can easily be transmitted via animal trade and may remain undetected for years in herds in the absence of tuberculin testing. Hence, we believe that bTB surveillance should not rely only on meat inspection, but on a combination of both meat inspection and intradermal tuberculin testing.

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The last outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the CzechRepublic in 1995 was caused by Mycobacterium bovis subspecies caprae

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/5832-vetmed ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 251-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

I. Pavlik ◽

F. Bures ◽

P. Janovsky ◽

P. Pecinka ◽

M. Bartos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Red Deer ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Three Samples ◽

Green Fodder

The last outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the CzechRepublic was detected in 1995. Signs of diarrhoea, weight loss and occasional coughing appeared in one 14-year-old cow after giving birth for the thirteenth time. Two months after these symptoms had been observed, it had to be slaughtered and numerous tuberculous lesions were found in its lung tissue, including the pleura. Within three months after the confirmation of the infection and consecutive intra-vitam and post-mortem diagnostics, all 28 remaining head of cattle from the herd (nine cows, seven bulls, six heifers and six calves) and five pigs were slaughtered. Patho-anatomical lesions were detected in all animals indicative of tuberculosis, from which Mycobacterium bovis was cultured and identified on the basis of biochemical tests and virulence test in a guinea-pig. The culture of 33 samples of other biological material than tissues (milk and urine of cows, feeding water, scrapings from the shed, fodder and others) resulted in M. bovis being detected in three samples (scrapings from shed walls). By the spoligotyping method M. bovis subsp. caprae was found in six selected isolates originating from two cows, two heifers and two bulls. It may therefore be assumed that there was one source of infection in the herd, which was the first infected old cow. In comparison with 3 176 spoligotypes in the existing database RIVM (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands) and literary data it was found that this spoligotype was also found in Sweden, Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, Poland, Germany and the CzechRepublic. It was impossible to determine the source of M. bovis subsp. caprae of the first infected cow on the basis of results from database and from anamnestic data. Green fodder coming from the farmer’s pastures near a forest could be considered as a possible source of M. bovis from wild ruminants like red deer (Cervus elaphus), which was found infected with bovine tuberculosis in another district of the CzechRepublic in 1991.

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284. Evaluation of Oral Step-Down Therapy for Enterobacteriaceae Bloodstream Infection

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S143-S143

Author(s):

Sara Utley ◽

Dawn Bouknight ◽

Radha Patel ◽

Kent Stock

Keyword(s):

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Oral Therapy ◽

Common Source ◽

Oral Antibiotic ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Hospital System ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Complete Treatment ◽

Antibiotic Duration ◽

Alternate Source

Abstract Background Oral antibiotic stepdown therapy for Gram-negative (GN) bloodstream infection (BSI) appears to be a safe option, though high bioavailability drugs like fluoroquinolones (FQ) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are often recommended without clear evidence demonstrating superiority. Due to increasing concerns of FQ resistance and collateral damage with an increasing community C. difficile rate, our organization sought to reduce overall FQ use and a shift toward oral beta-lactams (BL) was observed. A review was conducted to assess the outcomes of this shift. Methods This retrospective cohort included all patients within our 3-hospital system who had a positive GN blood culture and were transitioned to oral therapy to complete treatment outpatient for bacteremia between Jan 2017-Sept 2019. The primary outcome was recurrent BSI within 30 days of completing initial treatment. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, 30-day recurrence of organism at an alternate source, 30-day readmission, and 90-day BSI relapse. Results Of 191 GN BSIs, 77 patients were transitioned to oral therapy. The mean age was 68 years, 60% were female. The most common source of infection was described as urine (39/77), intra-abdominal (16/77), unknown (13/77). Mean total antibiotic duration (IV plus PO) was 14 days (range 7–33). Patients received an average of 5 days IV prior to transitioning to PO therapy. The most common PO class was a 1st gen cephalosporin (29/77), followed by BL/BL inhibitor (16/77), and a FQ (13/77). There were no 30-day relapse BSIs observed in this cohort. There was 1 patient discharged to inpatient hospice, and no other 30-day mortality observed. There were 4 recurrent UTIs observed within 30 days, none of which required readmission. Of the twelve 30-day readmissions, 1 was considered by the investigators to be related to the initial infection. Conclusion An opportunity for education regarding duration of therapy was identified. Oral beta lactam use in our limited population appears to be a reasonable option to facilitate discharge. Results should be confirmed in additional, larger studies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Immune Responses to Defined Antigens of Mycobacterium bovis in Cattle Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium kansasii

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00054-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 611-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

W. R. Waters ◽

M. V. Palmer ◽

T. C. Thacker ◽

J. B. Payeur ◽

N. B. Harris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽

Gamma Interferon ◽

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serum Antibodies ◽

Specific Serum ◽

Specific Proteins

ABSTRACT Cross-reactive responses elicited by exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria often confound the interpretation of antemortem tests for Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle. The use of specific proteins (e.g., ESAT-6, CFP-10, and MPB83), however, generally enhances the specificity of bovine tuberculosis tests. While genes for these proteins are absent from many nontuberculous mycobacteria, they are present in M. kansasii. Instillation of M. kansasii into the tonsillar crypts of calves elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro gamma interferon and nitrite concentration responses of leukocytes to M. avium and M. bovis purified protein derivatives (PPDs). While the responses of M. kansasii-inoculated calves to M. avium and M. bovis PPDs were approximately equivalent, the responses of M. bovis-inoculated calves to M. bovis PPD exceeded their respective responses to M. avium PPD. The gamma interferon and nitrite responses of M. kansasii-inoculated calves to recombinant ESAT-6-CFP-10 (rESAT-6-CFP-10) exceeded corresponding responses of noninoculated calves as early as 15 and 30 days after inoculation, respectively, and persisted throughout the study. The gamma interferon and nitrite responses of M. bovis-inoculated calves to rESAT-6-CFP-10 exceeded the corresponding responses of M. kansasii-inoculated calves beginning 30 days after inoculation. By using a lipoarabinomannan-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, specific serum antibodies were detected as early as 50 days after challenge with M. kansasii. By a multiantigen print immunoassay and immunoblotting, serum antibodies to MPB83, but not ESAT-6 or CFP-10, were detected in M. kansasii-inoculated calves; however, responses to MPB83 were notably weaker than those elicited by M. bovis infection. These findings indicate that M. kansasii infection of calves elicits specific responses that may confound the interpretation of bovine tuberculosis tests.

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