Bovine tuberculosis: making a case for effective surveillance

SUMMARYIn 2008, a cow with marked gross lesions suspicious for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was identified by meat inspection at home slaughtering in north-western Germany. Epidemiological investigations led to the identification of another 11 affected farms with a total of 135 animals which reacted positive to the skin test. Eight affected farms had been in trade contact with the putative index farm. While the source for the initial introduction remained unknown, it was shown that all isolates tested shared the same molecular characteristics suggesting a common source of infection. The findings demonstrate that bTB can easily be transmitted via animal trade and may remain undetected for years in herds in the absence of tuberculin testing. Hence, we believe that bTB surveillance should not rely only on meat inspection, but on a combination of both meat inspection and intradermal tuberculin testing.

Download Full-text

Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. I. Tuberculosis in cattle

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s002217240007073x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 195-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

J. W. Wilesmith ◽

T. W. A. Little ◽

H. V. Thompson ◽

C. Swan

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Tuberculin Test ◽

Common Source ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Short Period ◽

Major Outbreak ◽

Two Peaks

SUMMARYA major outbreak of tuberculosis occurred in cattle on a farm in Dorset between 1970 and 1976. Six hundred and twenty-six cattle were slaughtered either because they reacted to the tuberculin test or had been exposed to infection. No source of infection was found until 1974 when badgers infected with Mycobacterium bovis were first discovered.An analysis of the tuberculin test records of this herd and the six surrounding herds indicated that tuberculosis had been a sporadic problem since the early 1960's. Two peaks of infection occurred in the most severely affected herd in 1970 and 1974 when 29·8% and 27·3% of animals, respectively, reacted to the tuberculin test. These figures are exceptionally high. During the last 20 years there have been two periods when all the herds in the area had synchronous outbreaks consistent with a common source.Analysis indicated that cattle were at greatest risk in April and May and suggest that there was re-exposure to infection at this time each year. In addition the cattle were apparently exposed to M. bovis, at sufficiently high levels for transmission to occur, for only a relatively short period of time.

Download Full-text

Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolated in the first outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in the Azores Islands: a case report

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/137/2009-vetmed ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 133-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. Matos ◽

A. Amado ◽

A. Botelho

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Molecular Typing ◽

Close Contact ◽

Common Source ◽

Clonal Lineage ◽

Recent Infection ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Azores Islands ◽

Low Diversity

Twenty Mycobacterium bovis isolates from a first reported outbreak in the Azores Islands were differentiated into four spoligotypes: SB0119 (45%), SB0121 (40%), SB1264 (10%) and SB1090 (5%) and into two MIRU-VNTR allelic profiles using eight selected loci. The isolates seem to constitute a clonal lineage from a common source of infection. The limited diversity among the analysed Azores strains isolates could be due to the close contact of animals and use of common pastures and all herds can be seen as one epidemiological unit. The population structure of these strains with its low diversity differs from the Portugese mainland indicating a recent infection with accompanying evident founder effect.

Download Full-text

284. Evaluation of Oral Step-Down Therapy for Enterobacteriaceae Bloodstream Infection

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S143-S143

Author(s):

Sara Utley ◽

Dawn Bouknight ◽

Radha Patel ◽

Kent Stock

Keyword(s):

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Oral Therapy ◽

Common Source ◽

Oral Antibiotic ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Hospital System ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Complete Treatment ◽

Antibiotic Duration ◽

Alternate Source

Abstract Background Oral antibiotic stepdown therapy for Gram-negative (GN) bloodstream infection (BSI) appears to be a safe option, though high bioavailability drugs like fluoroquinolones (FQ) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are often recommended without clear evidence demonstrating superiority. Due to increasing concerns of FQ resistance and collateral damage with an increasing community C. difficile rate, our organization sought to reduce overall FQ use and a shift toward oral beta-lactams (BL) was observed. A review was conducted to assess the outcomes of this shift. Methods This retrospective cohort included all patients within our 3-hospital system who had a positive GN blood culture and were transitioned to oral therapy to complete treatment outpatient for bacteremia between Jan 2017-Sept 2019. The primary outcome was recurrent BSI within 30 days of completing initial treatment. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, 30-day recurrence of organism at an alternate source, 30-day readmission, and 90-day BSI relapse. Results Of 191 GN BSIs, 77 patients were transitioned to oral therapy. The mean age was 68 years, 60% were female. The most common source of infection was described as urine (39/77), intra-abdominal (16/77), unknown (13/77). Mean total antibiotic duration (IV plus PO) was 14 days (range 7–33). Patients received an average of 5 days IV prior to transitioning to PO therapy. The most common PO class was a 1st gen cephalosporin (29/77), followed by BL/BL inhibitor (16/77), and a FQ (13/77). There were no 30-day relapse BSIs observed in this cohort. There was 1 patient discharged to inpatient hospice, and no other 30-day mortality observed. There were 4 recurrent UTIs observed within 30 days, none of which required readmission. Of the twelve 30-day readmissions, 1 was considered by the investigators to be related to the initial infection. Conclusion An opportunity for education regarding duration of therapy was identified. Oral beta lactam use in our limited population appears to be a reasonable option to facilitate discharge. Results should be confirmed in additional, larger studies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Download Full-text

Bovine tuberculosis in Rwanda: Prevalence and economic impact evaluation by meat inspection at Société des Abattoirs de Nyabugogo-Nyabugogo Abattoir, Kigali

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1062 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gervais Habarugira ◽

Joseph Rukelibuga ◽

Mark O. Nanyingi ◽

Borden Mushonga

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Meat Inspection ◽

Control Measures ◽

Meat Industry ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

Lowenstein Jensen

Despite the significant public health burden of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Rwanda, the prevalence of bTB is poorly documented. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bTB in cattle using gross examination of granulomatous lesions, to identify mycobacteria species in suspected samples, and to evaluate the economic impact of meat condemnation based on bTB-like lesions in the meat industry in Rwanda. Routine meat inspection was conducted at Société des Abattoirs de Nyabugogo (SABAN)-Nyabugogo Abattoir. Tissue samples including 31 lymph nodes, 3 lungs and 2 livers were obtained from cattle of different ages with gross tuberculous lesions. Mycobacterium bovis was identified using microscopy with Kinyoun staining and isolation of mycobacterial species in culture on Löwenstein–Jensen and Colestos media, further identified using biochemical tests. Our findings, based on culture and postmortem results, show that the prevalence of bTB is 0.5%(0.587*148/16753), with an overall gross tuberculous lesion prevalence of 0.9% (148/16753). The presence of lesions were higher in cattle aged 2 years and older (1.6% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.05) and higher in females than in males (1.4% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.05). Of the 36 samples tested, 26 (72.2%) were positive by microscopic examination with Kinyoun staining while M. bovis was culture-confirmed in 21 (58.7%) cases. Bovine tuberculosis caused condemnation of 1683.5 kg of meat, resulting in an estimated loss of $4810. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of bTB in Rwanda is significant, and that bTB is a major cause of meat condemnation requiring continued implementation of surveillance and control measures. Furthermore, the results from this study also show important variations in sensitivity of the different tests that were used to determine the prevalence of bTB in cattle in Rwanda.

Download Full-text

Mapping, cluster detection and evaluation of risk factors of ovine toxoplasmosis in Southern Italy

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2016.432 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Roberto Condoleo ◽

Vincenzo Musella ◽

Maria Paola Maurelli ◽

Antonio Bosco ◽

Giuseppe Cringoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Geographical Information Systems ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Common Source ◽

High Exposure ◽

Campania Region ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Serological Data

Toxoplasmosis, an important cause of reproductive failure in sheep, is responsible for significant economic losses to the ovine industry worldwide. Moreover, ovine meat contaminated by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii is considered as a common source of infection for humans. The aim of this study was to develop point and risk profiling maps of T. gondii seroprevalence in sheep bred in Campania Region (Southern Italy) and analyse risk factors associated at the flock-level. We used serological data from a previous survey of 117 sheep flocks, while environmental and farm management information were obtained from an analysis based on geographical information systems and a questionnaire purveyance, respectively. An univariate Poisson regression model revealed that the type of farm production (milk and meat vs only meat) was the only independent variable associated with T. gondii positivity (P<0.02); the higher within-flock seroprevalence in milking herds suggests that milking practices might influence the spread of the infection on the farm. Neither environmental nor other management variables were significant. Since a majority of flocks were seasonally or permanently on pasture, the animals have a high exposure to infectious T. gondii oocysts, so the high within-flock seroprevalence might derive from this management factor. However, further studies are needed to better assess the actual epidemiological situation of toxoplasmosis in sheep and to clarify the factors that influence its presence and distribution.

Download Full-text

Epidemiological investigations onCampylobacter jejuniin households with a primary infection

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s002217240006486x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 325-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

J. Oosterom ◽

C. H. den Uyl ◽

J. R. J. Bänffer ◽

J. Huisman

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Primary Infection ◽

Index Patient ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Circumstantial Evidence ◽

Common Source ◽

Household Contacts ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Spread Of Infection

SummaryFifty-four Rotterdam patients in which a primary infection withCampylobacter jejunihad been detected (index patients) were compared with 54 control subjects with regard to the consumption and preparation of foods 7 days before onset of illness and the keeping of pet animals. Significantly more index patients than controls had eaten chicken meat (47v. 29;P= 0·0002), particularly at barbecues (14v. 2;P= 0·0015). Marginally more index patients had eaten pork (47v. 39;P= 0·048) or inadequately heated meat (13v. 8), though in the last case numbers were too small to be statistically significant. The consumption of beef or mutton and outdoor eating (other than at barbecues) were essentially the same in both groups. There was no significant association with the keeping of pet animals, although a few more index patients had cage birds than controls (18v. 12).Twenty-one (15%) of 130 household contacts of index patients also suffered from diarrhoea during the same period. Circumstantial evidence pointed to a common source of infection with the index patient in 13 instances (nine households) and probable intrafamilial spread of infection in six instances.Campylobacters were isolated from one of 110 swabs of kitchen work surfaces and eight of 107 swabs taken from lavatory bowls in index households.

Download Full-text

Deep Neck Space Infections in Northern Ghana

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i2430778 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 265-270

Author(s):

Theophilus Adjeso ◽

Mawutor Dzogbefia ◽

Edem Kojo Dzantor

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Use ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Common Source ◽

Odontogenic Infections ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Lethal Complications ◽

Deep Neck Space Infections ◽

Hospital Stays ◽

Age Range ◽

Tamale Teaching Hospital

Background: Deep neck space infections (DNSI) continue to pose a challenge due to its potentially lethal complications that can arise despite the reduced prevalence as a result of widespread antibiotic use and improved dental care. We conducted a review of our experience with DNSI at the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Unit, Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with a diagnosis DNSI at the ENT Unit, TTH from January 2013 to June 2020. Parameters analyzed included the age and sex distribution of patients, source of infection, sites involved, duration of admission and outcomes. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 (Chicago, IBM 2010). Results: The study involved 135 cases of DNSIs with age range of 5 months to 76 years (35.7± 19.0 years). Majority of the DNSIs cases occurred within the third decade of life and slightly more common among males (50.4%). The duration of hospital stays ranged from a day to 41 days (10.1± 8.2 days). Multi-space abscesses were the most common diagnosed DNSIs with odontogenic infections (63%) being the most common source of DNSIs. Majority (83.7%) of the patients were successfully treated with a mortality rate of 12.6%. Conclusion: DNSIs was most common among males with patients in their third decade most affected. Odontogenic infections were the most common source of DNSI with multi-space abscesses being the most common presentation. Majority of the patients were treated successfully.

Download Full-text