Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Resurgence in Areas Initially Under Control

Objectives: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and infection routes of new cases in order to provide information for preventing COVID-19 resurgence in areas initially under control.Methods: The information of new symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Chinese mainland was collected. The location distribution, epidemic course, infection routes and patients' characteristics of outbreaks were described and analyzed.Results: There were 43 new outbreaks with 3,795 symptomatic patients in Chinese mainland from March 21, 2020 to June 13, 2021. These outbreaks mainly occurred in central, border and coastal port cities. The main infection route of first generation indigenous patients was contact with imported cases and contaminated goods or environments. The infection routes of secondary generation patients mainly included family transmission, indoor social gathering infection, nosocomial infection and other infection routes. Family transmission was the most common infection route, and indoor social gathering was the most important reason for the large-scale outbreaks.Conclusions: Strengthen the management of imported patients and staff in high-risk posts was the key point to avoid the first generation indigenous patients. Adequate family isolation, prompt management policies for indoor public place and monitor of population at risk of infection were key strategies for preventing COVID-19 resurgence in areas initially under control.

The Long Shadow of Agrarian Conflict: Agrarian Inequality and Voting in Spain

This article studies the persistent effects of past agrarian inequality on contemporary voting preferences. Although Western European countries became industrial (and later post-industrial) economies, the political effects of the agrarian cleavage are still visible in those countries in which the agrarian issue was dominant in the interwar period (the industrial laggards). Looking at the spatial variation in voting patterns in the fifteen elections held in Spain since 1977, we show through mediation analysis that areas with high historical agrarian inequality have higher levels of leftist vote. We examine two transmission channels: one economic (related to backwardness); the other political (related to family transmission of political allegiances). A survey analysis provides evidence in favour of family transmission. A brief exploration of other cases confirms the general argument: a similar effect is found in Italy (an industrial laggard), but not in England (an early industrializer).

THE FAMILY AGREEMENT

The family pact introduced in the civil code by Law n. 55 of 2006 is an institution (expressly) derogating from the ordinary rules of the necessary succession, objectively and subjectively qualified and characterized by a very specific purpose consisting in ensuring the integrity and stability of a company compendium on theoccasion of an intra-family transmission deed of the same.With the positivization of the institute, the legislator intended to balance the need to protect the rights of the legitimates of an entrepreneur on the one hand and the need to avoid the disintegration of the business complex following the establishment of the state of hereditary communion on the other. the same, with the intention of safeguarding the productivity of the company and the related super-individual interests that arise from it.

The Jewish Identity of the “Unexpected Generation” in the Context of the Upbringing Model in a Mixed Family

The Jewish Identity of the “Unexpected Generation” in the Context of the Upbringing Model in a Mixed FamilyThe goal of the article is to introduce one of the youngest Jewish generations in Poland, known as the “unexpected generation”, based on my own research and the findings of other researchers. At the same time, I consider the essence of upbringing in a mixed family and its consequences for the socio-cultural identity of this generation. I look at ways of constructing patterns of Jewish family life and possible forms and content of intergenerational family transmission. I also highlight challenges and potential threats faced by Jewish families living in Poland today. Consequently, I try to outline possible further research directions related to issues of cultural content transmission in a family and the transmission of Jewish religious and linguistic heritage. Tożsamość żydowska „nieoczekiwanego pokolenia” w kontekście modelu wychowania w rodzinie mieszanej W swoim artykule chciałabym przybliżyć jedno z najmłodszych pokoleń żydowskich w Polsce, zwane „nieoczekiwaną generacją”, na podstawie badań własnych oraz ustaleń innych badaczy. Jednocześnie uwzględniam istotę wychowania w rodzinie mieszanej i to, jakie niesie za sobą konsekwencje dla tożsamości społeczno-kulturowej tegoż pokolenia. Przyjrzę się sposobom konstruowania wzorów żydowskiego życia rodzinnego oraz możliwym formom i treściom rodzinnej transmisji międzypokoleniowej. Wskażę także na wyzwania i potencjalne zagrożenia, przed którymi stają dziś żydowskie rodziny mieszkające w Polsce. W efekcie postaram się wytyczyć możliwe dalsze kierunki badawcze podejmujące kwestie transmisji treści kulturowych w rodzinie, przekazu żydowskiego dziedzictwa religijnego i językowego.

SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a tri-national urban area is dominated by a B.1 lineage variant linked to mass gathering events

BackgroundThe first case of SARS-CoV-2 in Basel, Switzerland was detected on February 26th 2020. We present a phylogenetic study to explore viral introduction and evolution during the exponential early phase of the local COVID-19 outbreak from February 26th until March 23rd.MethodsWe sequenced SARS-CoV-2 naso-oropharyngeal swabs from positive 746 tests that were performed at the University Hospital Basel in the timeframe of our study. We successfully generated 468 high quality genomes from unique patients and called variants with our COVID-19 Pipeline (COVGAP). We analysed viral genetic diversity using PANGOLIN taxonomic lineages. To identify introduction and dissemination events we incorporated global SARS-CoV-2 genomes and inferred a time-calibrated phylogeny. We used epidemiological data to aid interpretation of phylogenetic patterns.FindingsThe early outbreak in Basel was dominated by lineage B.1 (83·6%), detected from March 2nd, although the first lineage identified was B.1.1. Within B.1, a clade defined by the SNP C15324T contains 68·2% of our samples (‘Basel cluster’), including 157 identical sequences at the root of the ‘Basel cluster’, suggesting local spreading events. We infer the origin of the ‘Basel cluster’ defining mutation to mid-February in our tri-national region. The remaining genomes map broadly over the global phylogenetic tree, evidencing several events of introduction from and/or dissemination to other regions of the world via travellers. We also observe family transmission events.InterpretationA single lineage variant dominated the outbreak in the City of Basel while other lineages such as the first (B1.1) did not propagate. We identify mass gathering events and less so travel returners and family transmission as causes for the local outbreak. We highlight the importance of adding specific questions to the epidemiological questionnaires that are collected, to obtain data on attendance of large gathering events and locations as well as travel history to effectively identify routes of transmissions in up-coming outbreaks. This phylogenetic analysis enriches epidemiological and contact tracing data, allowing, even retrospectively, connection of seemingly unconnected events, and can inform public health interventions.

Dziecko Zamojszczyzny. Historiografia Anny Janko dla najmłodszych

Oleś i Pani Róża by Anna Janko is a postmemorial narrative for the youngest. The trajectory of the fate of a several‑year‑old hero is a literary realisation of the course of dramatic events connected with displacement, separation from parents, the stay in a temporary camp in Zwierzyniec, an orphanage, and the potential danger of not only Germanisation but also death. Thus, the title character becomes a figure of the fate of Children of Zamojszczyzna (Zamość region); in some way he represents them. The piece is also an expression of the homage paid to Róża and Jan Tomasz Zamoyski in recognition of their merits for saving actions for the youngest inhabitants of Zamojszczyzna. Janko’s work is based on family transmission, that is, on inheriting the experience of great‑grandfather (former Oleś) by his great‑granddaughter Róża (namesake of Róża Zamoyska). The narrative touches upon a subject that until recently was considered a taboo, introducing Polish expressions that accentuate the category of “Children of Zamość region” — a toponymic, tragic, negative distinction of the age group, region, and history. One can see character‑related or constructional parallels between the work of Anna Janko and the novel by Éric‑Emmanuel Schmitt — Oskar i Pani Róża (Oscar and the Lady in Pink), which is also intertextually indicated by the very title: Oleś i Pani Róża.