scholarly journals Occurrence of oriental chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Slovakia – short communication

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pástor Michal ◽  
Juhásová Gabriela ◽  
Juhás Dušan ◽  
Bakay Ladislav ◽  
Kollár Ján ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
First Report ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
Harmful Insect

During 2014–2016, damage by the oriental chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) was found on sweet chestnut trees at 4 localities in Slovakia. Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a specific plant pest on Castanea spp. In Europe it is considered as the most harmful insect pest on Castanea sativa. It is the first report of the oriental chestnut gall wasp occurrence on chestnut trees in Slovakia.

scholarly journals Preservation of sweet chestnut genetic resources (Castanea sativa Mill.) against attack by chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951)

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca VOLLMEIER ◽  
Gregor OSTERC ◽  
Zlata LUTHAR
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
Japanese Experience ◽  
Torymus Sinensis ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Agro Forestry

<p>European sweet chestnut (<em>Castanea sativa</em> Mill.) is one of the most important wood species due to its environmental and economic role in many agro-forestry systems. Chestnut gall wasp (<em>Dryocosmus kuriphilus </em>Yasumatsu, 1951) is currently the most dangerous pest of sweet chestnut, including in Slovenia. Attack on vegetative buds (in which the eggs are deposited and on which galls are subsequently formed) disturbs the growth of shoots and reduces the yield. In the event of a strong attack, the tree can weaken and decay, which is already noticeable on the ground in Slovenia, especially in terms of the monitored genetic resources of the chestnut tree. Following Japanese experience, European countries are increasingly choosing biological control of chestnut gall wasp with the torymid wasp (<em>Torymus sinensis</em> Kamijo, 1982). Micropropagation is a way of ensuring effective preservation and reproduction while optimizing all phases of work. In the micropropagation of Slovenian sweet chestnut genetic resources, problems arise in the rooting phase.</p>

Impact of the Asian gall wasp ( Dryocosmus kuriphilus ) on the radial growth of the European chestnut ( Castanea sativa ).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Marcolin ◽  
Mario Pividori ◽  
Fernanda Colombari ◽  
Maria Chiara Manetti ◽  
Francesco Pelleri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
European Chestnut

scholarly journals Studies on the Gall Characteristics of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Chestnut Genotypes in Yalova and Bursa Provinces of Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimet S. GENÇER ◽  
Cevriye MERT
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean

The Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a global pest of chestnut (Castanea spp.). It has been spreading in Turkey’s forests and orchards since 2014. This pest imposes a big threat to the Turkish chestnut industry, which is among the top producers in the world. Its gall morphology has been related to pest pressure and host cultivar, thus eventually modulating plant damage with heavy impact on growth and fruit production. We compared gall characters (position on plant organ, ratios, dimensions, volumes, number of larval chambers) in wild Castanea sativa, two local cultivars and a Euro Japanese hybrid. Overall, leaf galls were more common (55.36%), followed by the stem (19.6%) and leaf stipule galls (15.29%). The mean number of chamber and volume value of gall types were 1.52-5.93 and 0.43-2.15 cm3, respectively. The highest values were observed in ‘stem gall’. The more gall formation was observed in the wild chestnut trees and ‘Marigoule’ than the other local varieties.

scholarly journals Local-scale dispersal patterns and susceptibility to Dryocosmus kuriphilus in different Castanea species and hybrid clones: insights from a field trial

New Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Castedo-Dorado ◽  
Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez ◽  
Beatriz Cuenca Valera ◽  
María Josefa Lombardero
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
Hybrid Clones

AbstractThe chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a major insect pest affecting chestnut trees worldwide. Medium and long-term control of this pest can be improved by using resistant or less susceptible cultivars and hybrid clones. In addition, little is known about the local patterns of dispersal of the pest. We obtained data from trees of 3 chestnut species and 27 hybrid clones in a field trial in NW Spain with the aim of evaluating the susceptibility of the material to the gall wasp and identifying possible drivers of local spatial dispersal. In the first 3 years of the invasion by D. kuriphilus, the number of trees attacked and the number of galls on each tree were spatially clustered. Tree height significantly predicted both variables, suggesting that gall wasps may use visual cues to locate suitable host trees, at least in the early stage of invasion. Assessment of the susceptibility of hybrid clones/pure species must take concurrent indicators of infestation levels into account. We suggest the use of indices involving galls on shoots because these enable good assessment of the damage to chestnut trees. The study findings add to existing knowledge on the susceptibility of hybrid chestnut clones. We report, for the first time, two hybrid clones resistant to the pest and one hybrid clone which exhibited consistently low values for all of the indicators of infestation level. The results have important implications regarding selection of plant material for use in afforestation in Spain, where the current high rate of chestnut planting is expected to continue.

scholarly journals First report of Cryphonectria parasitica on abandoned galls of Dryocosmus kuriphilus on sweet chestnut in the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
A. Pérez-Sierra ◽  
S. van der Linde ◽  
P. Romón-Ochoa ◽  
B. Jones ◽  
C. Gorton
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
First Report ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Biological control of sweet chestnut on Pécsbánya, Hungary

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kovács ◽  
Dominika Bodnár ◽  
Gábor Tarcali ◽  
László Radócz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
Hypovirulent Strain ◽  
Blight Disease

The supervision of plant hygiene of sweet chestnut grove on Pécsbánya (South Hungary) started more than four years ago. Hypovirulent strains were applied as a biological process to control Cryphonectria parasitica fungus which causes the chestnut blight disease. By now the performed interventions have shown obvious results, the vitality of the trees has greatly improved, the amount of harvested nuts is increasing, and the hypovirulent strain has been spreading within the area. During plant health inspection the galls of chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) was found in the year of 2015, which is the obvious symptom of new occurrence of the pest. The pest was eradicated by destroy galls, which allows taking out of consideration the damage by now in this area.

scholarly journals First report of Dasineura oxycoccana in Lithuania – Short Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 218-221
Author(s):  
Elena Survilienė ◽  
Sonata Kazlauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Dasineura Oxycoccana ◽  
Blueberry Gall Midge

Damage by the blueberry gall midge Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was found on different cultivars of highbush Vaccinium corymbosum L. at different localities of Lithuania. D. oxycoccana is a serious insect pest of blueberries in North America. In 1996, unusual damage on blueberries was observed in Europe. This is the first report of the blueberry gall midge occurrence in blueberry plantations in Lithuania.

Alien forest insect pests revealed in the Northwest Caucasus in 2010–2016 and consequences of their uncontrolled dispersal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.И. Щуров ◽  
А.С. Бондаренко ◽  
М.М. Скворцов ◽  
А.В. Щурова
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
Seed Regeneration ◽  
Year 2000

Северо-Западный Кавказ отличается наиболее высоким инвазионным давлением из всех приграничных регионов России. Этому способствует его южное положение, разнообразие экосистем, а также крупные порты, объединяемые обширной транспортной инфраструктурой. С 2000 г. здесь обнаружены популяции более 30 чужеродных видов фитофильных насекомых, связанных с деревьями и кустарниками. В 2010–2016 гг. появилось не менее 15 таких вселенцев. В настоящее время последствия жизнедеятельности трех из них наиболее ощутимы в аборигенных лесных сообществах российского Кавказа. Восточноазиатская огнёвка Cydalima perspectalis с 2012 г. является причиной вымирания самшита Buxus colchica в долинах рек Черноморского побережья, а также расселяется в степную зону региона. В 2015 г. в Краснодарский край проник североамериканский клоп-полифаг Corythucha arcuata, заняв около 2 млн га и повредив дубовые леса на площади более 300 тыс. га. В этот же период в охраняемые колхидские леса под Сочи попала карантинная восточноазиатская орехотворка Dryocosmus kuriphilus, угрожающая семенному возобновлению Castanea sativa. Появление подобных пришельцев приводит к необходимости изучения и прогнозирования долговременных последствий трансформации лесных экосистем, осваиваемых инвазивными видами насекомых, в том числе, с позиции сохранения исконного биоразнообразия Кавказа. The Northwest Caucasus is the most prominent among all border regions of Russia for the highest invasive pressure. It is facilitated by the southernmost geographic position, ecosystem diversity, and also by the presence of large sea ports joined by extensive transport infrastructure that provides high traffic. Since year 2000, populations of more than 30 alien phytophilous species of insects interrelated associated with arboreous and shrubby vegetation have been recorded in the region. Not less than 15 species of such invaders were registered in 2010–2016. Currently, consequences of the activity of three of these species have most significant impact on the native forest communities of the Russian Caucasus. Since 2012, the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, causes Buxus colchica extinction in the valleys of the Black Sea coast rivers, and it has also dispersed into the steppe zone of the region. The oak lace bug, Corythucha arcuata, a North American polyphagous pest, appeared in Krasnodar Province in 2015 and now occupies about 2 million hectares. It has severely damaged the oak forests on more than 300 thousand hectares. Simultaneously in 2013–2014 a quarantine pest, Oriental chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, invaded chestnut forests near Sochi, threatening efficiency of seed regeneration of Castanea sativa. Appearance of such pests requires an attention to the question of efficiency of control of transit of the biological materials through the southern borders of Russia.

scholarly journals First Report of Chestnut Blight Caused by Cryphonectria parasitica in a Chestnut Orchard in Andalusia (Southern Spain)

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bascón ◽  
S. Castillo ◽  
C. Borrero ◽  
S. Orta ◽  
A. Gata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Commonwealth Mycological Institute ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
First Report ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Agar Plug

In Europe, chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr was first seen in Italy in 1938 (1). In Spain, the disease was first detected in Basque country in 1947 and later in other areas of northern Spain: Galicia, León, Navarra, and Catalonia, and in Trás-os-Montes in Portugal (2). In November 2012, in an orchard (2 ha) in Almonaster la Real (Huelva, Spain), approximately 20 cankered Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut) trees cv. Vazqueño, 40 to 50 years old, were observed. The trees were grafted 2 years before. In May and June 2013, six new disease focuses were detected near the first one. Five focuses were located in the same village and the other in Jabugo (a neighboring village). Diseased trees exhibited sunken cankers, cracked bark with mycelial fan spreads under the bark, and in some cases, orange fungal sporulation was visible on the bark. Samples were collected from two affected trees and symptom-bearing bark pieces were then placed in moist chambers at 20°C for up to 8 days to induce fungal sporulation. Cultures were made from spore masses extruding from the cankered bark and from the edge of necrotic lesions visible in the phloem of cankered bark tissue onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Monoconidial fungal isolates were obtained from both trees. The morphological structure of two isolated fungi was identical to that described as C. parasitica (3). Species identity was confirmed by analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, using ITS1-ITS4 (4) as primer pairs, respectively. BLAST searches showed a high similarity between collected isolates' DNA sequences and C. parasitica sequences found on GenBank (96% coverage, 99% identity). Our isolates have been included in GenBank as KF220298 and KF220299. The pathogenicity assay of these two isolates was conducted using two cultivars of sweet chestnut (seedlings from Huelva and Granada nurseries). Isolate pathogenicity was tested on 3-year-old chestnut seedlings in a growth chamber at 25°C (day) and 20°C (night) with a 14-h photoperiod. The isolates were cultured on PDA at 25°C for 7 days. Stems were wounded at 10 cm height with a drill. Each isolate was inoculated to 25 replicates per cultivar by placing a mycelia agar plug (4 to 5 mm diameter) in the hole and wrapping the stem with Parafilm. Plants treated identically with sterile agar plugs were used as controls. Plants were then maintained at 100% relative humidity for 2 h. Both isolates induced diseases symptoms and death of seedlings of both cultivars at a mean time of 37.5 days after inoculation. No significant differences between isolates or between cultivars were detected. Twenty control plants similarly treated with sterile PDA discs did not display symptoms. C. parasitica was re-isolated from lesions, confirming Koch's postulates. Andalusia has 14,000 ha of chestnut crops with high commercial value due to their precocity. Dispersion of chestnut blight in this zone can reduce crop productivity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. parasitica causing chestnut blight in Andalusia (southern Spain), one of the few areas left in southwestern Europe free of chestnut blight. References: (1) A. Biraghi. Italia Agricola 7:1, 1946. (2) G. González-Varela et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 131:67, 2011. (3) A. Sivanesan and P. Holliday. Cryphonectria parasitica. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. No. 704, Set. 71. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK, 1981. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Amplifications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

scholarly journals First Report of Neofusicoccum parvum Associated with Chestnut Nut Rot in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Seddaiu ◽  
Antonietta Mello ◽  
Clizia Sechi ◽  
Anna Cerboneschi ◽  
Benedetto T. Linaldeddu
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Sweet Chestnut

In autumn 2018, during a study on the pathogens involved in the etiology of chestnut nut rot symptoms observed in three of the main sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) growing areas in Sardinia (Site 1: 39°56′55”N/09°11′45”E; site 2: 39°58’20”N/09°09′41”E; site 3: 40°52’50”N/09°08’45”E), Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi was found to be the main causal agent. In addition to G. smithogilvyi, 15 out of 450 nuts processed, yielded on potato dextrose agar (PDA, 39 g/L) at 22°C white colonies with dense aerial mycelium becoming dark grey after 4 to 7 days. Pycnidia were produced within 4 weeks in half-strength PDA incubated at room temperature under natural daylight. The hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform and aseptate conidia measured 13.4–19.2 × 4.8–7.7 μm (n = 50). All morphological characters matched those reported for Neofusicoccum parvum by Phillips et al. (2013). Identity of isolates was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1-α). DNA extraction, PCR amplification reactions and DNA sequencing were carried out according to Linaldeddu et al. (2016). In the phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS and tef1-α gene sequences the N. parvum isolates clustered within two well-supported subclades. In the first subclade (ML bootstrap = 88%) three isolates clustered together with the ex-type culture of N. parvum (CMW9081) while in the second subclade (ML bootstrap = 95%) three isolates clustered together with the ex-type culture of Neofusicoccum algeriense (CBS 137504), a species recently synonymised with N. parvum by Lopes et al. (2016). Sequences of six representative isolates were deposited in GenBank (MK968559–MK968564 and MT010339–MT010344 for ITS and tef1-α, respectively). The pathogenicity of six isolates, belonging to the two haplotypes, was undertaken by inoculating five asymptomatic nuts per isolate. After disinfecting the nut surface with 70% ethanol and removing a piece of shell (5 mm diameter) with a sterile cork borer, the nuts were inoculated with a same-sized agar-mycelium plug cut from the margin of a 5-day-old PDA colony. Ten control nuts were inoculated with a sterile PDA plug applied as described above. Inoculated nuts were kept in thermostat at 22 °C in the dark for 18 days. All nuts inoculated with N. parvum showed light-brown to dark necrosis of kernel associated with loss of tissue consistency. The symptoms were congruent with those observed in nature. All N. parvum isolates were successfully reisolated from all the inoculated nuts, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. No lesions were observed on controls. N. parvum is recognized as an emerging plant pathogen worldwide. In particular, several studies report N. parvum as a growing threat to agricultural and forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean area (Larignon et al., 2015; Manca et al., 2020). This is the first report of N. parvum causing chestnut nut rot in Italy.

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