scholarly journals Effects of different bud loading levels on the yield, leaf and fruit characteristics of Hayward kiwifruit

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cangi ◽  
D. A Atalay
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Total Leaf

The effects of different levels of bud loading on the yield and some leaf and fruit characteristics in Hayward cultivar (A. deliciosa) in the province of Ordu, Turkey were examined during two growing seasons in 2000&ndash;2001. Six years old kiwifruit vines were pruned to carry the loads of 120, 180, 240 or 300 buds/vine on the canes with 12 buds. The study determined probable total leaf area (PTLA), probable total leaf number (PTLN), probable total leaf weight (PTLW) and yield per vine. Mean fruit weight (MFW) and soluble solid contents (SSC, %) of fruits were expressed. In addition, unit leaf area/100 g fruit weight (ULA/FW) was calculated. Leaf characteristics were examined in 3 periods of the growing season. Correlations between yield, leaf and fruit characteristics and treatments were determined. The result of the experiment, namely mean leaf area (MLA), mean leaf weight (MLW), PTLA, PTLN, PTLW ranged between 185.51&ndash;194.17 cm<sup>2</sup>, 7.98&ndash;8.67 g, 21.047&ndash;58.61 m<sup>2</sup>/vine, 1,129.6&ndash;3,035.3 number/vine, 9.04&ndash;25.68 kg/vine, respectively. The mean yields of vines loaded with 120 and 300 buds were 34.84 and 100.96 kg/vine (12.19 and 35.34 ton/ha), respectively. Mean leaf area and mean leaf weight increased with increasing levels of bud loading, whereas MFW and ULA/FW decreased. There was a negative relationship between MFW, SSC and yield, and a positive relationship between MLA, PTLA and yield. ULA/FW ratio was between 581.88&ndash;611.54 cm<sup>2 </sup>according to the bud loading level. Fruit size diminished as a consequence of dense canopies in both levels of bud loading (120 and 300 buds/vine). Unit leaf area per fruit weight ranged between 581.88&ndash;611.54 cm<sup>2</sup>/100 g, with respect to the bud loading applications. Increasing levels of bud loading resulted in reduced ULA/FW ratio and affected yield and some leaf and fruit characteristics. &nbsp;

Photosynthetic Responses to Phosphorus Nutrition in Eucalyptus grandis Seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUF Kirschbaum ◽  
D Tompkins
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Phosphorus Nutrition ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Phosphorus Status

Eucalyptus grandis seedlings were grown in growth units in which plant roots were suspended in air while continuously being sprayed with nutrient solution (aeroponic system). Phosphorus was added to nutrient solutions in exponentially increasing amounts which determined plant growth rates. Plants were grown at five relative phosphorus addition rates, and photosynthetic performance of leaves was compared across treatments. Carbon assimilation rates ranged from 11.7 μmol m-2 s-1 for plants with lowest phosphorus status to 23.1 μmol m-2 s-1 for plants with highest phosphorus status. Intercellular partial pressures of CO2 concomitantly decreased from 260 pbar for plants with lowest to 220 μbar for plants with highest phosphorus status. Leaves in all treatments showed a decrease in assimilation rate at intercellular partial pressures of CO2 above c. 600 μbar. There was no consistent correlation between the extent of that decrease and the phosphorus status of leaves. Assimilation rates were correlated with leaf phosphorus content. This relationship was apparent on either a unit leaf area or unit leaf weight basis. Assimilation rates and leaf nitrogen content per unit leaf weight were also correlated. In contrast, there was no correlation between leaf assimilation rate per unit leaf area and nitrogen content per unit leaf area, as nitrogen content per unit area was similar for all phosphorus treatments. The differences between correlations on a weight and area basis were due to differences in specific leaf area in different treatments, with plants with lower phosphorus status having less leaf area per unit leaf weight. The photosynthetic measurements showed that CO2 assimilation rate, together with relative leaf growth rate, was one of the processes most sensitive to phosphorus nutrition.

scholarly journals Higher Temperatures Decrease Fruit Size in Strawberry Growing in the Subtropics

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Christopher Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Solids Content

Five strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars were grown in Queensland, Australia to determine whether higher temperatures affect production. Transplants were planted on 29 April and data collected on growth, marketable yield, fruit weight and the incidence of small fruit less than 12 g until 28 October. Additional data were collected on fruit soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) from 16 September to 28 October. Minimum temperatures were 2 °C to 4 °C higher than the long-term averages from 1965 to 1990. Changes in marketable yield followed a dose-logistic pattern (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.99). There was a strong negative relationship between fruit weight (marketable) and the average daily mean temperature in the four or seven weeks before harvest from 29 July to 28 October (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.90). There were no significant relationships between SSC and TA, and temperatures in the eight days before harvest from 16 September to 28 October (p > 0.05). The plants continued to produce a marketable crop towards the end of the season, but the fruit were small and more expensive to harvest. Higher temperatures in the future are likely to affect the economics of strawberry production in subtropical locations.

Stomatal Development During Leaf Expansion in Tobacco and Sunflower

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
CL Craven
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Different Levels

Changes in stomatal density and size were followed in tobacco and sunflower leaves expanding from 10% of final area (10% Amax) to Amax under different levels of radiation. Lower radiation increased final leaf area, reduced stomatal densities, and increased area per stoma but had little effect on stomatal area per unit leaf area at Amax. In very young leaves (20% Amax) there was a wide range in the sizes of individual stomata, some stomata being close to full size, but by Amax differences were small. The possible relationship between the developmental patterns described and photosynthesis is briefly discussed.

Effect of Interspecific Interference, Light Intensity, and Soil Moisture on Soybean (Glycine max), Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), and Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Water Uptake

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Jones ◽  
Robert H. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
The Relationship

Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments with potted plants were conducted to determine the effects of interspecific root and canopy interference, light intensity, and soil moisture on water uptake and biomass of soybean, common cocklebur, and sicklepod. Canopy interference and canopy plus root interference of soybean with common cocklebur increased soybean water uptake per plant and per unit leaf area. Root interference with soybean decreased common cocklebur water uptake per plant. Canopy interference of soybean with sicklepod increased soybean water uptake per unit leaf area, while root interference decreased uptake per plant. Combined root and canopy interference with soybean decreased water uptake per plant for sicklepod. Soybean leaf area and shoot weight were reduced by root interference with both weeds. Common cocklebur and sicklepod leaf area and shoot weight were reduced by root and canopy interference with soybeans. Only common cocklebur root weight decreased when canopies interfered and roots did not. The relationship between light intensity and water uptake per unit leaf area was linear in both years with water uptake proportional to light intensity. In 1991 water uptake response to tight was greater for common cocklebur than for sicklepod. The relationship between soil moisture level and water uptake was logarithmic. Common cocklebur water uptake was two times that of soybean or sicklepod at −2 kPa of pressure potential. In 1991 common cocklebur water uptake decreased at a greater rate than soybean or sicklepod in response to pressure potential changes from −2 to −100 kPa.

Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Gas Exchange in Coffea arabica During Adjustment to Different Soil Moisture Regimes

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Meinzer ◽  
NZ Saliendra ◽  
C Crisosto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Area Basis

Although carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been reported to decline in plants growing under reduced soil moisture, there is little information available concerning the dynamics of adjustments in Δ and gas exchange following a change in soil water availability. In this study Δ, photosynthetic gas exchange, and growth were monitored in container-grown coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants for 120 days under three soil moisture regimes. At the end of 120 d, total leaf area of plants irrigated twice weekly was one half that of plants irrigated twice daily, although their assimilation rates on a unit leaf area basis were nearly equal throughout the experiment. This suggested that maintenance of nearly constant photosynthetic characteristics on a unit leaf area basis through maintenance of a smaller total leaf area may constitute a major mode of adjustment to reduced soil moisture availability in coffee. Intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) predicted from foliar Δ values was highest in plants irrigated weekly, intermediate in plants irrigated twice weekly and lowest in plants irrigated twice daily. When instantaneous WUE was estimated from independent measurements of total transpiration per plant and assimilation on a unit leaf area basis, the reverse ranking was obtained. The lack of correspondence between intrinsic and instantaneous WUE was attributed to adjustments in canopy morphology and leaf size in the plants grown under reduced water supply which enhanced transpiration relative to assimilation. Values of Δ predicted from the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressure determined during gas exchange measurements were not always consistent with measured foliar Δ. This may have resulted from a patchy distribution of stomatal apertures in plants irrigated weekly and from a lag period between adjustment in gas exchange and subsequent alteration in Δ of expanding leaves. The importance of considering temporal and spatial scales, and previous growth and environmental histories in comparing current single leaf gas exchange behaviour with foliar Δ values is discussed.

Photosynthetic Acclimation of Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Chow ◽  
L Qian ◽  
DJ Goodchild ◽  
JM Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Surface Charge Density ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
O2 Evolution ◽  
Palisade Cell ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Growth Irradiance

The photosynthetic acclimation of Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don, a species naturally occurring in deep shade in rainforests, has been studied in relation to a wide range of controlled irradiances during growth (~3-780 �mol photons m-2 s-1 of fluorescent or incandescent light, 10 h light/ 14 h dark). At the maximum growth irradiances, the light- and CO2-saturated rates of O2 evolution per unit leaf area were ~4 times as high as at low irradiance, and approached those of glasshouse-grown spinach. Growth at maximum irradiances reduced the quantum yield of O2 evolution only slightly. Changes in the anatomy of leaf tissue, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and the composition of chloroplast components accompanied the changes in photosynthetic functional characteristics. At low growth irradiance, palisade cell chloroplasts were preferentially located adjacent to the distal periclinal cell walls and had large granal stacks, and the destacked thylakoids had a very low surface charge density. In contrast, at higher growth irradiance, palisade cell chloroplasts were preferentially located adjacent to the anticlinal cell walls; they had small granal stacks, large stromal space, and a high surface charge density on the destacked thylakoids. The number of chloroplasts per unit section length increased with growth irradiance. Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity per unit leaf area increased markedly with irradiance. Photosystem II, cytochrome f and latent ATPase activity per unit chlorophyll increased to a lesser extent. While the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio increased substantially with growth irradiance, the chlorophyll content per unit leaf area declined slightly. Our results show that coordinated changes in the structure of leaf tissue, and the organisation and composition of chloroplast components are responsible for Alocasia being capable of acclimation to high as well as low irradiance.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KIRINYU (Chromolaena odorata) SEBAGAI SUMBER BAHAN ORGANIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL DUA VARIETAS CABAI BESAR (Campsicum annum)

AGRICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Kristono Yohane Fowo ◽  
Murdaningsih Murdaningsih ◽  
Willybrordus Lanamana
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Fruit Diameter

This study aims to determine the effect of giving Kirinyu (Chromolaena odorata) as a source of organic matter on growth and yield of two varieties of Chilli (Capsicum annum), and to determine the optimum dose Kirinyu that can improve crop growth and yield of the Big Chilli, research was conducted in the Garden University College of Agriculture experiment Flore, Village Lokoboko, District Ndona, Ende with ± 500 meters altitude above sea level, starting in September 2010-April 2011. The design used in this study is the Group Randomized Factorial Design with the treatment, the first factor (V), and Varieties Amando (V2), and the second factor (K) is the dose of organic material Kirinyu namely K0 (without Kirinyu), K1 (Kirinyu10 tons/ha), K2 (Kirinyu 15 tons/ha), K3 (Kirinyu20 tonnes/ha). Variable observation in this study was “Higher Plants, Number of Leaves, Leaf Area, Total Fruit, Fruit diameter and weight of fruit per plant”. The results showed that administration of doses as a source of organic material Kirinyu significant effect on the varieties (V) and different doses Kirinyu to Total Leaf, Leaf Area observations at age 42 days after transplanting (DAT), and also significantly influenced Number of  Fruit, Fruit Weight, and fruit diameter. Use of Hot Beauty varieties has increased to Total Leaf (21.67 strands), number of fruits (31.00 fruits), and fruit weight (279.00 grams) and more resistant to high rainfall intensity, and for variety  Amando has increased to broad leaves (187.02 cm), and fruit diameter (1.74 cm) and not resistant to rain intensity. But for Kirinyu dose also significantly influenced leaf number, leaf area at the age of 42 observation days after transplanting (DAT), and also significantly influenced fruit number, fruit weight and fruit diameter. Chili optimum plant growth is shown in the use Kirinyu a dose of 20 tonnes/ha ie number of leaves (19.23 strands), leaf area (208.25 cm), number of fruits (41.58), fruit weight (7.44 grams), fruit diameter (1.66 cm).

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