Improvement of an elutriation method for estimation of weed seedbank in the soil

A model experiment was conducted to compare hand extraction (elutriation) under running water and elutriation using the device Analysette 3, the two methods for estimation of weed seedbank in the soil. Technical parameters have been assessed for efficient operating of the device. We studied the time required for elutriation of soil samples and the time for collecting, counting and identifying the separated seeds. No significant difference in the effect of the used elutriation method on results of qualitative and quantitative estimation of weed seedbank densities has been found at any of the three locations differing in soil texture (silty loam, loam and clay loam soil). The time necessary for elutriation of soil samples was highly significantly shorter if the device was used, by 35.5 to 42.9% depending on soil texture vs. hand elutriation. The shortest time was assessed for silty loam soil. By contrast, the time needed for selecting, counting and identifying seeds was shortest for clay loam soil. This time was 46 and 92% longer for loam and silty loam soil, respectively. These differences were statistically highly significant. Comparing the seedbank in the soil, a significantly lower number of weed seeds as well as species was found on silty loam soil vs. the two locations with heavier soils. Amaranthus retroflexus was a dominating species at all locations, and on silty loam soil also Chenopodium album. Of a total number of 32 weed species detected in our experiment, 28 were annual and only four perennial (Cirsium arvense, Elytrigia repens, Rumex obtusifolius and Sonchus arvensis).

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An Economic Analysis of Incorporation Methods for Preplant Herbicides on Clay Loam Soil

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500067102 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 419-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ellis W. Chenault ◽

Allen F. Wiese ◽

Wyatte L. Harman

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Mixed Population ◽

Tribulus Terrestris ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Cotton Lint ◽

Amaranthus Hybridus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Loam Soil

In order to find the most effective and economical method of incorporation, six preplant herbicides for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) were incorporated with a tandem disk or field cultivator, or sprayed on unbedded soil prior to bedding with a disk bedder. These treatments were compared to incorporating sprayed beds with a rolling cultivator and no incorporation. A mixed population of pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH andAmaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE) was present each year. There was no significant difference in pigweed control among incorporation with a disk, field cultivator, or rolling cultivator. Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris# TRBTE) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] were controlled best following rolling cultivator incorporation. Cotton lint yields were not affected by incorporation methods or herbicides. Economic analysis and weed control indicate that the field cultivator was the best way of incorporation.

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CO2 Emissions and Maize Biomass Production Using Digestate Liquid Fraction in Two Soil Texture Types

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.12159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 1325-1336 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carmelo Maucieri ◽

Maurizio Borin

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Liquid Fraction ◽

Emission Peak ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Primary Tillage ◽

Loam Soil

Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil texture and primary tillage type on soil CO2 emission and maize biomass production after digestate liquid fraction (DLF) spreading. The study was conducted in 2014 in two open fields at Terrasa Padovana (farm 1) and Bovolenta (farm 2) in the Veneto Region of Italy. Soil CO2 emission after digestate spreading was evaluated by comparing the effect of soil texture (sandy loam vs. clay loam) at farm 1 and the effect of long-term primary tillage management (>10 years) (ripping vs. plowing) in clay loam soil at farm 2. Unamended soil was considered the control at both farms. DLF was supplied before maize ( L.) sowing at a dose equal to 170 kg total nitrogen ha-1 using a splash-plate technique. DLF spreading determined a CO2 emission peak 1 h after spreading at both farms, with median emission values of 8.93 and 4.35 g m-2 h-1, respectively, from the sandy loam and clay loam soils at farm 1. At farm 2, primary tillage type did not exert a significant effect on CO2 emission peak, with a median value of 5.85 g m-2 h-1. About three days after DLF distribution, soil CO2 fluxes were less than 1 g m-2 h-1. The first soil harrowing and the first rainfall event after spreading determined significantly higher CO2 emissions from amended plots than from unamended plots for a few hours. At farm 1, soil CO2 emission during the maize growing season was significantly higher in the amended plots (+1.7 times) than in the unamended plots, which showed a median emission value of 0.29 g m-2 h-1; soil texture and tillage exerted no significant influence. Maize yield at dough stage was not significantly influenced by DLF at farm 1, with 22.7 ±1.6 Mg ha-1 and 18.7 ±2.8 Mg ha-1 in the clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. At farm 2, the distribution of DLF increased maize biomass production by +17% with respect to the unamended treatment that produced 18.0 ±2.4 Mg ha-1. Although the results reported in this article concern data from only one year, and further long-term experiments are needed to confirm our findings, they indicate that CO2 emissions after digestate distribution are lower in a clay loam soil than in a sandy loam soil and are not affected by primary tillage type. Keywords: Clay loam soil, Digestate splash-plate spreading, Plowing, Ripping, Sandy loam soil.

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Survival of Xiphinema index in clay loam soil

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-013-0245-8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Emmanuel Tzortzakakis

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Xiphinema Index ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Temperature Variable ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Short Time ◽

Similar Soil

AbstractA sample of clay loam vineyard soil, containing the nematode Xiphinema index, was divided into equal portions and stored in plastic bags. Nematodes were extracted immediately or remained in fridge for a short time or at room temperature for longer periods. The number of extracted nematodes did not differ significantly between treatments, indicating that X. index in soil samples collected for diagnostic purposes could remain viable for a period up to six months. Four other samples, of similar soil type, were collected from different vineyards and kept stored in plastic bags at room temperature. Variable periods of nematode survival recorded, ranging from less than two years in one sample, up to five years in another one. It is concluded that a long fallow period of at least five years may be required between successive grapevine crops to eliminate the nematode from clay loam soils.

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Effects of metribuzin on the activity of some enzymes in soil

Pesticidi i fitomedicina ◽

10.2298/pif0803189s ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 189-194

Author(s):

Ljiljana Santric ◽

Ljiljana Radivojevic ◽

Slavica Gasic ◽

Radmila Stankovic-Kalezic ◽

Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Treatment Rate ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Inhibiting Effect ◽

Initial Stage ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Activity Of Enzymes ◽

Set Up

Effects of metribuzin on the activity of some enzymes in soil was investigated. Trials were set up in the laboratory on a clay loam soil. Metribuzin was applied at 12.0, 24.0 and 60.0 mg/kg soil rates and soil samples were collected 3, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days after metribuzin treatment for analyses. Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, urease and ?-glucosidase were recorded. The results showed that the intensity of metribuzin effects on the activity of enzymes depended on treatment rate, exposure time and enzyme group. Metribuzin had an inhibiting effect on acid phosphatese and dehydrogenase, as well as on alkaline phosphatase in the initial stage before it turned into a stimulating one, while metribuzin stimulated urease and had no effect on ?-glucosidase.

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Siderophores of fungi from Lipa clay loam soil, Philippines

10.26757/pjsb2019a13008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Its Sequencing ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Aspergillus Tamarii ◽

Emericella Nidulans ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Soil Borne Fungi

This research was conducted to isolate culturable soil-borne fungi from Lipa clay loam soil and identify the types of siderophores they produce. The frequency of fungal isolates was likewise compared across the soil strata. Soil samples were plated on Rose Bengal Agar (RBA) and incubated for five days. Morpho-culturally unique isolates were transferred in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) slants and identified using taxonomic keys and by ITS sequencing. Siderophores of each species were then characterized through colorimetric methods. Twenty-nine species of fungi were identified. Six isolates were Basidiomycetes, 1 Zygomycetes and 22 Ascomycetes. Among ascomycetes, two were teleomorphs: Chaetomium globosum Kunze and Emericella nidulans (Eidam) Vuillemin. Isolates were then characterized in terms of their ability to produce siderophores. Majority produced hydroxamate type of siderophores while only Aspergillus tamarii Kita produced all three types of siderophores. Six other species failed to produce any of the three types. Isolates may further be studied for their metal remediating capacity and other biological activities.

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Assessment of Soil Fertility in Smallholder Potato Farms in Rwanda

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/ag.d-146 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (04) ◽

Author(s):

Adrien Turamyenyirijuru ◽

Guillaume Nyagatare ◽

Robert Morwani Gesimba ◽

Rhoda Jerop Birech

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Agro Ecological Zones

This study assessed soil fertility in potato farms of Birunga and Buberuka highlands agro-ecological zones (AEZs). It compared nutrients levels (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, S, Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) and other parameters (pH, organic carbon [OC], cation exchange capacity [CEC], base saturation [BS], bulk density [BD] and texture) of soil samples. ANOVA revealed that pH of soils (5.53-6.50) varied from slightly to moderately acidic, BD fell below optimum for plant growth (Lessthan 1.8gcm-3), texture was sandy loam to sand clay loam. Soil fertility for OC (3.33-5.53%), N (0.15-0.31%) and CEC (10.08-18.60 meq/100g) varied from low to medium; and medium to high for BS (34.78-61.91%); was qualified medium for P (5.75-9.20 ppm), K (0.21-0.54 meq/100g), S (6.46 - 8.15 ppm) and majority of micronutrients. Values from Birunga AEZ were higher than ones from Buberuka AEZ except for BD, CEC, clay, silt, Na and Fe. There were significant differences between farms within locations for all parameters and significant differences between locations for all parameters except Na and Mn.

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Effects of Imazaquin Residues on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500072908 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 820-824 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Clyde J. Barnes ◽

Andrew J. Goetz ◽

Terry L. Lavy

Keyword(s):

Indicator Species ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Clay Soils ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Soil Concentration ◽

Loam Soil

Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on several Arkansas soils to determine the effects of residual levels of imazaquin on cotton. Imazaquin concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 0.024 μg/g and 0.00 to 0.015 μg/g were found in soil samples taken 12 and 24 months, respectively, following preplant-incorporated applications at rates of 140 g/ha. Cotton yields were reduced from 7 to 42% in 1987 as the soil concentration of imazaquin increased from 0.007 to 0.024 μg/g. Imazaquin persistence was greater in clay soils than loams or sandy loams. Imazaquin was weakly adsorbed to a clay, loam, and sandy loam soil in laboratory studies; the adsorption isotherms did not differ significantly by soil texture. A bioassay utilizing cotton as the indicator species was developed to determine imazaquin concentrations in soils ranging from 0 to 0.06 μg/g. Imazaquin concentrations determined by the bioassay method were found to be 75, 77, and 80% of those determined by chemical extractions for a clay, loam, and sandy loam soil, respectively.

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Effect The Treatments of Biofertilizer and Mineral Fertilizer on Content of N P K of Soil Cultivated With Crop Corn (Zea Mays L).

Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN 2077-5822 E-ISSN 2617-1479) ◽

10.33794/qjas.vol9.iss2.89 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 247-256

Author(s):

Mohammed Aajmi Salman ◽

Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Potassium Fertilizer ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Silty Clay Loam ◽

Fall Season ◽

Loam Soil

Beneficial microorganisms play a key role in the availability of ions minerals in the soil and use Randomized Complete Block Desing ( R.C.B.D ). The objective of this paper to the study effect of the of biofertilizer and miniral treatments on availability of NPK for crop corn zea mays L.Two types of biofertilizer are Bacterial Bacillus subtilis and Fungal Trichoderma harianum. Three levels of potassium fertilizer are (2.9533, 0.4000 and 2.9533). A field experiment in fall season of 2018 Has been conducted in silty clay loam soil. The experimental Results indicated that Bacillus and Trichoderma inoculation separately or together Have made a significant effect to increase in the availability of N P K in the soil compare to other treatments. The grain yield is where (2.9533, 0.4000 and 2.9533) of bacterial and fungal bio-fertilizer and potassium fertilizers respectively as compared to the control.

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