Effects of winter wheat season tillage on soil properties and yield of summer maize

The North China Plain (NCP) serves as China’s second most important maize production region. Rotary tillage, a popular method used in winter wheat/summer maize systems in the region, has adverse effects on maize production. The current study was conducted to determine whether rotary tillage after subsoiling in the winter wheat season (RS) improves the grain-filling rate and yield of summer maize by decreasing soil bulk density, when compared with rotary tillage (R), in the NCP. The RS treatment decreased soil bulk density and increased soil moisture in the summer maize season when compared with the R treatment. Root number under the RS treatment at 8 collar and silking stages was 22.4−35.3% and 8.0−11.7% greater than under the R treatment, respectively. The RS treatment significantly enhanced the grain-filling rate and grain weight as compared to the R treatment. Yield, thousand grain weight, biomass, and harvest index under the RS treatment were 7.7, 7.2, 2.3 and 5.3% higher than under the R treatment. Thousands grain weight was correlated with soil bulk density and soil moisture after silking. Consequently, the increase in grain weight and yield of summer maize resulted from the decrease in soil bulk density and a consequent increase in soil moisture, root number and grain-filling rate.

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Application of abscisic acid regulates antioxidant enzymes activities and modulates endosperm cell division in winter wheat

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2015-0368 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 283-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dongqing Yang ◽

Dian Peng ◽

Wei Yang ◽

Yanping Yin ◽

Yong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Abscisic Acid ◽

Cell Division ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Endosperm Cell ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Flag Leaves ◽

Grain Filling Rate ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes Activities

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on antioxidant enzymes activities and endosperm cell division of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were investigated. Results showed that the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity in flag leaves of both cultivars is elevated by application of ABA and it is correlated with less membrane damage: lower malondialdehyde (MDA). Exogenous ABA significantly increased endosperm cell number and endosperm division rate, finally increased grain weight. Although ABA treatment decreased endogenous zeatin riboside (ZR) content in flag leaves from 7 to 28 days after anthesis (DAA), indole acetic acid (IAA) levels were significantly increased by spraying with ABA. Correlation analysis showed that endogenous contents of ZR, ABA, and IAA in grains were positively and significantly correlated with grain-filling rate. IAA content in leaves was positively and significantly correlated with grain-filling rate. The results suggested that increased grain weight of ABA-treated plants was due to higher antioxidant abilities of flag leaf resulting in longer maintenance of photosynthetic capacity and higher grain-filling rate.

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Effects of Gibberellin (GA4+7) in Grain Filling, Hormonal Behavior, and Antioxidants in High-Density Maize (Zea mays L.)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9080978 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 978

Author(s):

Wenwen Cui ◽

Quanhao Song ◽

Bingyun Zuo ◽

Qingfang Han ◽

Zhikuan Jia

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Growth Period ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Maize Production ◽

Maize Grain Yield ◽

Grain Filling Rate ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Regulatory Effects

Dense plant cultivation is an efficient approach to improve maize production by maximizing the utilization of energy and nutrients. However, dense plant populations may aggravate the abortion rate of young grains, resulting in fewer kernels per ear. The rate and duration of grain-filling play decisive roles in maize grain yield. Therefore, to increase plant density, enhancing the grain-filling rate, extending the growth period of individual maize plants and regulating crop senescence would be the first priority. In this study, we examined the regulatory effects of GA4+7 under two application methods: shanks and silks were moistened by cotton full with GA4+7 solution at concentrations of 0, 10, 60, and 120 mg L−1. The results showed that GA4+7 improved the grain-filling rate by increasing the content of auxin, gibberellin, zeatin, and abscisic acid in grains compared to control plants. In addition, the auxin, gibberellin, and zeatin contents in the grains were positively and significantly correlated with the maximum grain weight and the maximum and mean grain-filling rates. Moreover, GA4+7 increased the activities of superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidases and reduced the malondialdehyde content in leaves compared with untreated plants. At the concentration of 60 mg L−1, GA4+7 showed the greatest effect on shank and silk applications (Sh-60 and Si-60) followed by 10 mg L−1 (Sh-10) for shank treatment and 120 mg L−1 (Si-120) for silk treatment. Our results suggest that a concentration of 60 mg L−1 GA4+7 for shank and silk application may be efficiently used for changing the level of hormones in grains and antioxidant enzymes in ear leaves, which may be useful for enhancing grain-filling rate and delaying leaf senescence, resulting in an increase in maize grain yield.

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QTL mapping for grain filling rate and yield-related traits in RILs of the Chinese winter wheat population Heshangmai × Yu8679

Theoretical and Applied Genetics ◽

10.1007/s00122-008-0901-5 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 118 (2) ◽

pp. 313-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 138

Author(s):

R. X. Wang ◽

L. Hai ◽

X. Y. Zhang ◽

G. X. You ◽

C. S. Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Qtl Mapping ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Wheat Population ◽

Grain Filling Rate

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Grain-filling pattern of super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu under direct seeding and transplanting condition

International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology ◽

10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.20972 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 11-15

Author(s):

MA Badshah ◽

Tu Nai Mei

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Super Hybrid Rice ◽

Grain Filling Rate ◽

Filling Pattern

To evaluate the grain-filling pattern, Chinese first super hybrid rice, Liangyoupeijiu was grown under tillage and establishment methods at a spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm with one seedling hill-1 and at a seeding rate of 22.5 kg ha-1 in Changsha, Hunan Province, China in 2012. Our results showed that, superior grain weight in TP had always higher than DS up to 24 DAH but at 36 DAH, grain weight had similar in both TP and DS. Middle grain weight was higher in TP than DS up to 18DAH but it was higher in DS than TP at 24 36 DAH and at 36 DAH, grain weight of DS had significantly higher than TP. Inferior grain weight was higher in TP than DS up to 12 DAH but it was higher in DS than TP at 24 -36 DAH and at 36 DAH, grain weight of DS had significantly higher than TP. Grain-filling rate of superior grain had higher in TP than DS up to 18 DAH but it was higher in DS than TP at 30 DAH. In middle grain, it was higher in TP at 6DAH but in DS, it was higher at 30 DAH. In inferior grain, it was higher in TP at 36 DAH but in DS, it was higher at 30 DAH. The heavier grain was found in TP only in superior grain but DS had heavier grain both in middle and inferior grain. Grain-filling rate of superior grain was higher in TP than DS and it was similar in both TP and DS in middle grain. But in inferior grain, it was significantly higher in DS than TP. Transplanting method produced slightly higher grain yield due to higher sink size (more number of spikelets caused by longer panicle and more number of spikelet per cm of panicle) but it was statistically similar with DS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.20972 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (1): 11-15, June, 2014

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The relationship of grain filling with abscisic acid and ethylene under non-flooded mulching cultivation

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859609008557 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 147 (4) ◽

pp. 423-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Z. C. ZHANG ◽

Y. G. XUE ◽

Z. Q. WANG ◽

J. C. YANG ◽

J. H. ZHANG

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Grain Filling ◽

High Ratio ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Evolution Rate ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Ethylene Evolution ◽

Filling Stage ◽

Grain Filling Rate ◽

Grain Filling Stage

SUMMARYGrain filling is an intensive transportation process regulated by plant hormones. The present study investigated whether and how the interaction between abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene is involved in mediating the grain filling of rice (Oryza sativaL.) under non-flooded mulching cultivation. A field experiment repeated over 2 years was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao 88 (ajaponicacultivar) and Shanyou 63 (anindicahybrid cultivar), and four cultivation treatments were imposed from transplanting to maturity: traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM) or non-flooded no mulching (NM). Compared with that under TF, grain yield was reduced by 21·0–23·1% under PM (P<0·05), 1·4–1·8% under SM (P>0·05) and 50·9–55·4% under NM (P<0·05). Both PM and NM significantly (P<0·05) reduced the proportion of filled grains and grain weight and were associated with decreased grain filling rates. In SM there was a significant increase in the grain filling rate. The concentration of ABA in the grains was very low at the early grain filling stage, reaching a maximum when the grain filling rate was the highest, and showed no significant differences (P>0·05) between TF, PM and SM. However, it was significantly higher in NM. In contrast to ABA, the ethylene evolution rate and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration in the grains were very high at the start of grain filling and sharply decreased during the active grain filling period. Both PM and NM increased the ethylene evolution rate and ACC concentration, whereas these were reduced in SM. The ratio of ABA to ACC was increased under SM but decreased under PM and NM, indicating that ethylene was more enhanced than ABA when plants were grown under NM and PM. The concentration of ABA correlated with the grain filling rate as a hyperbolic curve, whereas the ethylene evolution rate correlated with the grain filling rate as an exponential decay equation. The ratio of ABA to ACC significantly correlated with the grain filling rate with a linear relationship. Application of amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (inhibitor of ethylene synthesis by inhibiting ACC synthase) or ABA to panicles under TF and PM at the early grain filling stage significantly increased activities of the key enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion in the grains, sucrose synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, grain filling rate and grain weight. Application of ethephon (ethylene-releasing agent) or fluridone (inhibitor of ABA synthesis) had the opposite effect. The results suggest that antagonistic interactions between ABA and ethylene may be involved in mediating the effect of non-flooded mulching cultivation on grain filling, and a high ratio of ABA to ethylene enhances grain filling rate.

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QTL Mapping for Grain Filling Rate and Thousand-Grain Weight in Different Ecological Environments in Wheat

ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1006.2008.01750 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 34 (10) ◽

pp. 1750-1756 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rui-Xia WANG

Keyword(s):

Qtl Mapping ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Thousand Grain Weight ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Grain Filling Rate

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Grain filling parameters and yield components in wheat

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr0603175b ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 175-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milka Brdar ◽

Borislav Kobiljski ◽

Marija Balalic-Kraljevic

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Optimal Number ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Estimated Parameters ◽

Grain Filling Rate ◽

Grain Filling Duration

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is influenced by number of grains per unit area and grain weight, which is result of grain filling duration and rate. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between grain filling parameters in 4 wheat genotypes of different earliness and yield components. Nonlinear regression estimated and observed parameters were analyzed. Rang of estimated parameters corresponds to rang of observed parameters. Stepwise MANOVA indicated that the final grain dry weight, rate and duration of grain filling were important parameters in differentiating among cultivars grain filling curves. The yield was positively correlated with number of grains/m2, grain weight and grain filling rate, and negatively correlated with grain filling duration. Correlation between grain weight and rate of grain filling was positive. Grain filling duration was negatively correlated with grain filling rate and number of grains/m2. The highest yield on three year average had medium late Mironovska 808, by the highest grain weight and grain filling rate and optimal number of grains/2 and grain filling duration.

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Assessment of gibberellin (GA4+7) mediated changes on grain filling, hormonal behaviour and antioxidants in high-density maize (Zea Mays L.)

10.1101/511063 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Wenwen Cui ◽

Bingyun Zuo ◽

Quanhao Song ◽

Muhammad Kamran ◽

Shahzad Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Maize Grain Yield ◽

Grain Filling Rate ◽

Maize Grain

AbstractDense plant cultivation is an efficient approach to improve the maize production by maximizing the utilization of energy and nutrient. However, dense plant populations may aggravate the abortion rate of young grains and result in fewer number of kernels per ear. Grain filling rate and duration play a decisive role in maize grain yield. Therefore, increasing plant density, consideration of enhancing the grain filling rate and duration of individual maize plant and regulating crop senescence would be the first priority. In this study, we examined the regulatory effects of GA4+7 under two application methods (shank-smearing and silk-smearing). Shank-soaking with GA4+7 at the rate of 0 (CK1), 10 (T1), 60 (T2), and 120 (T3) mg L-1, while silk-smearing at the rate of 0 (CK2), 10 (S1), 60 (S2), and 120 (S3) mg L-1 were used. The results showed that GA4+7 improved the grain filling rate by increasing the content of auxin, gibberellin and zeatin and abscisic acid in grains compared to control plants. In addition, The auxin, gibberellin and zeatin contents in the grains were positively and significantly correlated with the maximum grain weight and the maximum and mean grain-filling rates; the abscisic acid level was positively correlated with the maximum grain weight and the maximum and mean grain-filling rates. Moreover, GA4+7 increased the activities of superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxidases, and reduced the malondialdehyde content in leaves compared with untreated plants. At the rate of 60 mg L-1, GA4+7 showed the greatest effect for shank-smearing and silk-smearing (T2 and S2), followed by 10 mg L-1 (T1) for shank-smearing and 120 mg L-1 (S3) for silk-smearing. Our results suggest that application of 60 mg L-1 GA4+7 for smearing application could efficiently be used for changed the level of hormones in grains and antioxidant enzymes in ear leaf, would be useful for enhancing grain filling rate and delaying leaves senescence, and resulting in an increasing of maize grain yield.

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