STATE OF DARK CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN THE SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS OF THE TOMSK OBLAST IN THE INVASION ZONES OF ALIEN SPECIES OF BARK BEETLES

The state of dark coniferous stands located in specially protected natural territories of the Tomsk Oblast in the invasion zone of four-eyed fir bark beetle Polygraphus proximus Blandford and small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus Eichhoff is described.

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Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11121290 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1290

Author(s):

Branislav Hroššo ◽

Pavel Mezei ◽

Mária Potterf ◽

Andrej Majdák ◽

Miroslav Blaženec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Ips Typographus ◽

Wind Damage ◽

Stem Length ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Spruce Bark Beetle ◽

Management Actions ◽

Spruce Bark

Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.

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Impacts of European spruce bark beetle infestations on Norway spruce BVOC emissions

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7624 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erica Jaakkola ◽

Anna Maria Jönsson ◽

Per-Ola Olsson ◽

Maj-Lena Linderson ◽

Thomas Holst

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

Strong Increase ◽

Healthy Tree ◽

Spruce Bark Beetle ◽

Spruce Bark

Tree killing by spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus) is one of the main disturbances to Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in Europe and the risk of outbreaks is amplified by climate change with effects such as increased risk of storm felling, tree drought stress and an additional generation of spruce bark beetles per year[1]. The warm and dry&#160;summer of&#160;2018 triggered large outbreaks in Sweden, the increased outbreaks are still ongoing and affected&#160;about 8 million m3&#160;forest&#160;in 2020[2]. This is the so&#160;far highest record of trees killed by the spruce bark beetle in a single year in Sweden[2]. In&#160;1990-2010,&#160;the spruce bark beetle killed on&#160;average&#160;150 000 m3&#160;forest per year in southern Sweden[3]. Bark beetles normally seek and attack Norway spruces with lowered defense, i.e. trees that are wind-felled or experience prolonged drought stress[4]. However, as the number of bark beetle outbreaks increase, the risk of attacks on healthy trees also increase[5]. This causes a higher threat to forest industry, and lowers the possibilities to mitigate climate change in terms of potential decreases in carbon uptake if the forests die[4,5]. Norway spruce trees normally defend themselves by drenching the beetles in resin[6]. The resin in turn contains different biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can vary if the spruce is attacked by bark beetles or not [4,6]. The most abundant group of terpenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), is most commonly emitted from conifers, such as Norway spruce[7,8]. The aim of this study was to enable a better understanding of the direct defense mechanisms of spruce trees by&#160;quantifying BVOC emissions and its composition&#160;from individual&#160;trees under attackTo analyze the bark beetles&#8217; impact on Norway spruce trees a method was developed using tree trunk chambers and adsorbent tubes. This enables direct measurements of the production of BVOCs from individual trees. Three different sites in Sweden, with different environmental conditions were used for the study and samples were collected throughout the growing season of 2019. After sampling, the tubes were analyzed in a lab using automated thermal desorption coupled to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer to identify BVOC species and their quantity.The preliminary results show a strong increase in BVOC emissions from a healthy tree that became infested during the data collection. The finalized results expect to enable better understanding of how spruce trees are affected by insect stress from bark beetles, and if bark beetle infestation will potentially result in increased carbon emission in the form of BVOCs.References[1] J&#246;nsson et al. (2012). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 166: 188&#8211;200 [2] Skogsstyrelsen, (2020). https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/miljontals-granar-dodades-av-granbarkborren-2020?publisherId=415163&releaseId=3288473 [3] Marini et al. (2017). Ecography, 40(12), 1426&#8211;1435. [4] Raffa (1991). Photochemical induction by herbivores. pp. 245-276 [5] Seidl, et al. (2014). Nature Climate Change,&#160;4(9), 806-810. [6] Ghimire, et al. (2016).&#160;Atmospheric Environment,&#160;126, 145-152. [7] Niinemets, U. and Monson, R. (2013). ISBN 978-94-007-6606-8 [8] Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M. (1999). Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 33(1), pp.23-88

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Bark Beetle Population Dynamics in the Anthropocene: Challenges and Solutions

10.20944/preprints201810.0640.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Peter H. W. Biedermann ◽

Jean-Claude Grégoire ◽

Axel Gruppe ◽

Jonas Hagge ◽

Almuth Hammerbacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Collaborative Research ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ips Typographus ◽

Ecological Framework ◽

Beetle Population ◽

Spruce Bark ◽

Important Pest

Tree-killing bark beetles are the most economically important insects in conifer forests worldwide. Yet  despite >200 years of research, the drivers of population eruptions or crashes are still not fully understood, precluding reliable predictions of the effects of global change on beetle population dynamics and impacts on ecosystems and humans.  We critically analyze potential biotic and abiotic drivers of population dynamics of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and present a novel ecological framework that integrates the multiple drivers governing this bark beetle system. We call for large-scale collaborative research efforts to improve our understanding of the population dynamics of this important pest; an approach that might serve as a blueprint for other eruptive forest insects.

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ATTRACTION OF LASCONOTUS INTRICATUS KRAUS. (COLEOPTERA: COLYDIIDAE) TO THE AGGREGATION PHEROMONE OF THE FOUR-EYED SPRUCE BARK BEETLE, POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1241-1 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 124 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W.W. Bowers ◽

J.H. Borden

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetle ◽

Aggregation Pheromone ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Host Finding ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Spruce Bark Beetle ◽

Spruce Bark ◽

High Degree

AbstractThe cylindrical bark beetle, Lasconotus intricatus Kraus., is attracted to multiple-funnel traps baited either with black spruce logs infested with male four-eyed spruce bark beetles, Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby), or the male-produced aggregation pheromone, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol. The addition of the host terpenes, bornyl acetate and β-pinene, to 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol reduced the attraction of L. intricatus. 3-Carene, myrcene, and α-pinene appeared to have a partial inhibitory effect. Catches in spring and summer disclosed a high degree of temporal coincidence between the two species. We hypothesize that L. intricatus utilizes the aggregation pheromone of P. rufipennis as a host-finding kairomone.

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Seasonal Abundance of Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) Collected in Western Pine Beetle Pheromone-Baited Traps in Northern California

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-41.1.75 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 75-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Christopher J. Fettig ◽

Christopher P. Dabney

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Seasonal Abundance ◽

Coniferous Forests ◽

Northern California ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Pine Beetle ◽

Enoclerus Lecontei ◽

Temnochila Chlorodia

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are commonly recognized as the most important mortality agent in western coniferous forests. In this study, we describe the abundance of bark beetle predators collected in multiple-funnel traps baited with exo-brevicomin, frontalin and myrcene in northern California during 2003 and 2004. A total of 32,903 Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim), 79 Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott), and 12 E. sphegeus (F.) were collected. The seasonal abundance of E. lecontei and E. sphegeus was not analyzed because too few individuals were collected. In general, T. chlorodia was most abundant in late spring, but a second smaller peak in activity was observed in late summmer. Overall, the ratio of males to females was 0.82. A significant temporal effect was observed in regard to sex ratios with more males collected during later sample periods. Temnochila chlorodia flight activity patterns were similar between years, but activity was generally delayed several weeks in 2003.

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A Highly Contiguous Genome Assembly of a Major Forest Pest, the Eurasian Spruce Bark Beetle Ips Typographus

10.21203/rs.3.rs-182683/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Powell ◽

Ewald Grosse-Wilde ◽

Paal Krokene ◽

Amit Roy ◽

Amrita Chakraborty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetle ◽

Genome Assembly ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Draft Genome ◽

Ips Typographus ◽

Whole Genome Sequence ◽

Comparative Genomic ◽

Spruce Bark Beetle ◽

Spruce Bark

Abstract Conifer-feeding bark beetles are important herbivores and decomposers in forest ecosystems. These species have evolved specializations to complete their life cycle in nutritionally poor wooden substrates and some can overwhelm tree defences and kill enormous numbers of trees during population outbreaks. The Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) is one tree-killing species; during a recent epidemic it destroyed >100 million m3 of spruce in a single year. We report a 236 Mb, highly contiguous I. typographus genome assembly using PacBio long-read sequencing. The final phased assembly had a contig N50 of 6.65 Mb in 272 contigs and was predicted to contain 23,923 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analysis including 11 additional coleopterans revealed expanded gene families associated with plant cell wall degradation, including pectinases, aspartyl proteases, and glycosyl hydrolases. This first whole-genome sequence from the genus Ips provides timely resources to address important questions about the evolutionary biology of the true weevils (Curculionidae), one of the most species-rich animal families. This resource will also allow for improved studies of functional genomics of both fundamental and applied value. In forests of today, increasingly stressed by global warming, this draft genome may ultimately assist in developing novel pest control strategies to mitigate outbreaks.

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Emergence levels of pine shoot beetles from roundwood piles of Scots pine and the cascading damage in the surrounding forests

Silva Fennica ◽

10.14214/sf.10525 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Markus Melin ◽

Tiina Ylioja ◽

Leena Aarnio ◽

Katri Hamunen ◽

Seppo Nevalainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Coniferous Forests ◽

The Future ◽

Forest Legislation ◽

Pine Shoot Beetles

Bark beetles are amongst the most aggressive pest agents of coniferous forests. Due to this, many boreal countries have designated laws aiming to lower the risk of bark beetle epidemics. Finlandâs forest legislation has pre-emptive measures targeted against bark beetles, and for Scots pine ( L.), the law concerns pine shoot beetles ( spp.). This study used data collected around 25 piles of Scots pine roundwood that were harvested in the winter but left in the forest until the following November. Thus, the pine shoot beetles were able to use the piles for breeding. We assessed the number of emerged insects from the piles and the cascading damage they caused in the surrounding forests. All roundwood piles, regardless of their volume, were used by the beetles for breeding. Highest densities of beetle exit holes were found from the parts of the log with thick and intact bark. If the bark of the log was damaged by the harvester head, the number of beetles decreased significantly. Depending on the volume of the roundwood pile, the cascading damage (fallen shoots) was noticeable up to ca. 40â60 m from the roundwood pile. Storing of piles smaller than 50 m did not cause excess damage. The number of fallen shoots per tree was generally below the known thresholds for when growth losses can occur. However, the study was conducted in mature forests, and it can be assumed that the recorded damage levels would severely affect the growth of young pines, raising the question of where to store the roundwood. As with other bark beetles, the role of beetles as damage agents may change in the future, but based on this as well as past studies, the species can be viewed as a notable damage agents only around long-term wood storage sites in the current northern conditions.Pinus sylvestrisTomicus3Tomicus

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Bark beetle associated trematurid mites (Acari: Uropodina: Trematuridae) from Asian Russia with description of a new species

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.24.9.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (9) ◽

pp. 1592-1603 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeno Kontschán ◽

Gábor Szőcs ◽

Balázs Kiss ◽

Alexander A. Khaustov

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Beetle Species ◽

New Associations ◽

Polygraphus Proximus ◽

Associated Species ◽

A New Species ◽

Different Parts

A new Oodinychus Berlese, 1917 species, O. scolytana sp. nov., was discovered and described from the galleries of bark beetles Polygraphus proximus Blandford from two different parts of Asian Russia. New associations are given for the trematurid mites and bark beetle species. Three bark beetle associated species from the Trichouropoda ovalis-group are moved into the genus Oodinychus as O. hirsuta (Hirschmann, 1972) comb. nov., O. rafalski (Wiśniewski & Hirschmann, 1984) comb. nov. and O. wilkinsoni (Hirschmann &Wiśniewski, 1986) comb. nov. Also, Oodinychus egypticus Abo-Shnaf, El-Bishlawy & Allam, 2018 is transferred to the genus Nenteria Oudemans, 1915.

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Ursachen und Verlauf der Buchdrucker-Epidemien (Ips typographus L.) in der Schweiz von 1984 bis 1999 | Causes and progress of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle epidemics (Ips typographus) in Switzerland from 1984 to 1999

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2003.0437 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 154 (11) ◽

pp. 437-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Franz Meier ◽

Rolf Gall ◽

Beat Forster

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

National Level ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Ips Typographus ◽

Annual Data ◽

Storm Damage ◽

Spruce Bark Beetle ◽

Breeding Material ◽

Spruce Bark

In the past 20 years, several mass attacks by the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) occurred in Switzerland. Since 1984 data on compulsory fellings, numbers of infestation spots and numbers of beetles captured in pheromone traps have been collected in all Swiss forest districts. The annual data were published in short reports. This paper gives an overview of the progress of bark beetle epidemics from 1984 to 1999. On the national level, two periods with epidemics of the spruce bark beetle can be distinguished. The first epidemic started after windthrows and drought in the years 1982 and 1983. It reached its height in 1984/1985 and faded at the end of the decade. The second epidemic started after the storm Vivian (February 1990). It reached its height in 1992/1993 and ended in 1997. Storm damage that produced high quantities of suitable breeding material was not the only factor for the bark beetle gradation;weather conditions were also exceptional, such as hot and dry vegetation periods. Windthrows and exceptional weather conditions are mostly events on regional scales and do not affect the whole country with the same intensity. The gradation that appears to be an «epidemic of the spruce bark beetle in Switzerland after the storm Vivian» is in truth the accumulation of several local epidemics. This is shown by the number of compulsory fellings and infestation spots analysed at regional levels. Extreme weather conditions and storms not only directly influence the bark beetle population, they also stress standing trees, thus creating suitable breeding material for bark beetles. To analyse the influence of exceptional weather conditions on bark beetle epidemics,it is therefore necessary to evaluate regional data.

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The Impacts of Calamity Logging on the Development of Spruce Wood Prices in Czech Forestry

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11030283 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel Toth ◽

Mansoor Maitah ◽

Kamil Maitah ◽

Veronika Jarolínová

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Wood Harvesting ◽

Spruce Bark ◽

Spruce Wood ◽

Forestry Sector ◽

Socio Economic Impact ◽

The Relationship

Currently, the decline in spruce wood prices is a serious problem for the forestry sector in the Czech Republic. We estimate that the fall in wood prices in European markets causes losses not only to the forestry companies producing, harvesting, and processing the wood, but also to the workers in the sector. These losses are mainly caused by a combination of several natural factors: drought, climate change, and the effects of bark beetles. In particular, spruce bark beetles cause the greatest damage. Due to this bark beetle calamity, unplanned logging has increased. In 2019, these damages have culminated. Almost 100 million m3 of wood has been harvested over the last decade due to the bark beetle and more than half of this volume has been mined in the last four years. Therefore, the losses in the forestry sector are around EUR 1.12 billion. The aim of this study is an analysis of the relationship between the volume of incidental logging and the decline in the price of spruce wood. These results show the strong correlation between the measure of unplanned wood harvesting and the decrease in wood prices, as well as an estimate of price development if the upward trend of incidental mining continues. The average price of wood in the Czech Republic could thus reach a historical minimum of EUR 79.39 per m3 of spruce and category SM/JE II (spruce/fir). In addition, the decline in wood prices will be reflected in the management of forestry and timber businesses, including stagnant wages for forestry workers. The socio-economic impact of the bark beetle calamity is high and is most affected by the decline in spruce timber prices.

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