Potential of Wood Harvesting Residues and Residual Stand Damage due to Timber Harvesting: A Case Study at PT Austral Byna in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

The practice of timber harvesting in natural forests which has been conducted up to now still leaves wood harvesting residue and residual stand damage. Most condition of wood harvesting residue is still good and can be utilized. The objective of this research was to determine the potency of wood harvesting residue and residual stand damage on timber harvesting in natural forests. The data on wood utilization, wood harvesting residue, and residual damage were collected from three sample plots. The sample plots were arranged in a systematic and purposive manner, and the data were processed with tabulation and average analysis. Research results showed that the average volume of wood being utilized was 9.212 m3 tree−1. The average volume of wood harvesting residues was 2.310 m3 tree−1, and the total average volume of wood harvesting residues which were good, defected, and broken was 2.121 m3 (80.952%), with an average volume for good wood harvesting residue condition of 1.038 m3 (34.808%). Proportions of wood harvesting residues were 2.154 m3 (94.444%) consisting of buttress as large as 0.102 m3 (5.159%), stumps as large as 0.375 m3 tree−1 (23.597%), butt as large as 0.855 m3 (35.930%), and end part as large as 0.821 m3 (29.758%). The average number of trees with a diameter of 20 cm which were damaged due to felling and skidding was 5 trees ha−1 (5.40%) and 6 trees ha−1 (6.58%), respectively.

INFLUENCE OF LOG LENGTH ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WOOD HARVESTING AND TRANSPORTATION

The selection of machines and the development of operating systems are the major challenge for reducing costs in harvesting and forest transportation. This work aimed to carry out a technical analysis of harvesting and forest transport activities in two different log lengths (6 and 7m). The operational cycles of the Harvester, Forwarder and combined road train vehicle in mechanized harvest areas were evaluated. The technical analysis was performed through studies of times and movements, determining the operational efficiency and productivity of the machines. According to the results, processing consumed most of the harvester's operational cycle, while in the forwarder, the most time was consumed 35,2 and 45,2 m³·he-1 and 42,84 and 75,42 m³.he-¹. The larger log size led to an increase in the productivity of the harvester by 28% and the forwarder by 48%. Among the studied models of road train vehicles, the one that showed the best results both in the analysis made with a length of 6 m and 7 m, was the dimensions with 2.35 m in width and 2.85 in height. These vehicles had a total gross weight of 63.52 tonnes for logs with a length of 6m and 69.17 tons for logs of 7m, with an 8.17% higher performance compared to 6m logs. With the obtained results it can be concluded that the increase in the length of the logs increased the productivity and the performance of the harvest and the forest transport.

DEPLATION CHARACTER OF FOREST MANAGMENT IN THE LEASED LAND OF THE IRBIT FORESTRY

Истощительное экстенсивное лесопользование на арендованном участке – актуальная проблема лесного хозяйства. Современная практика показывает, что лесопользователь, руководствуясь экономическими показателями с целью получения большей прибыли, не ведет заготовку в малопро- дуктивных насаждениях, а осваивает высокопродуктивные насаждения с высокими запасами на 1 га. Такая ситуация приводит к невыполнению мероприятий по воспроизводству лесов в полном объеме и к истощению лесов. Методы определения расчетных лесосек не отвечают принципам непрерывно- сти и неистощительности на лесных участках. Срок использования эксплуатационного фонда зачастую не соответствует срокам договора аренды. В документах лесного планирования необходимо приводить динамику заготовки древесины и изменения возрастной структуры насаждений на срок аренды. Фонд лесовосстановления превышает по площади ежегодный объем вырубок из-за освоения высокобонитет- ных насаждений. Один из способов для перехода к интенсивной модели лесопользования – это внесение изменений в организацию расчета лесопользования на арендованных лесных участках. The depletion of extensive forest use on a leased plot is an actual problem of forestry. Modern practice shows that the forest user, guided by economic indicators in order to obtain more profit, does not harvest in low-productive plantations, but develops highly productive plantations with high reserves per 1 ha. This situation leads to the failure to implement measures for the reproduction of forests in full and to the depletion of forests. The methods for determining the calculated cutting areas do not meet the principles of continuity and sustainability in forest areas. The term of use of the operating fund often does not correspond to the terms of the lease agreement. In the forest planning documents, it is necessary to give the dynamics of wood harvesting and changes in the age structure of plantings for the lease period. The reforestation fund exceeds the annual volume of deforestation by area due to the development of high-priority plantations. One of the ways to switch to an intensive model of forest management is to make changes to the organization of the calculation of forest use on the designated forest areas.

Fuel Consumption, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Energy Efficiency of Wood-Harvesting Operations

The EU’s climate and energy framework and Energy Efficiency Directive drive European companies to improve their energy efficiency. In Finland, the aim is to achieve carbon neutrality by 2035. Stora Enso Wood Supply Finland (WSF) had a target, by 2020, to improve its energy efficiency by 4% from the 2015 level. This case study researches the use of the forest machine fleet contracted to Stora Enso WSF. The aims were to 1) clarify the forest machine fleet energy-efficiency as related to the engine power; 2) determine the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wood-harvesting operations, including relocations of forest machines by trucks; and 3) investigate the energy efficiency of wood-harvesting operations. The study data consisted of Stora Enso WSF’s industrial roundwood harvest of 8.9 million m3 (solid over bark) in 2016. The results illustrated that forest machinery was not allocated to the different cutting methods (thinning or final felling) based on the engine power. The calculated fuel consumption totalled 14.2 million litres (ML) for harvesting 8.9 million m3, and the calculated fuel consumption of relocations totalled 1.2 ML, for a total of 15.4 ML. The share of fuel consumption was 52.5% for harvesters (cutting), 39.5% for forwarders (forest haulage), and 8.0% for forest machine relocations. The average calculated cubic-based fuel consumption of wood harvesting was 1.6 L/m3, ranging from the lowest of 1.2 L/m3 for final fellings to the highest of 2.8 L/m3 in first thinnings. The calculated fuel consumption from machine relocations was, on average, 0.13 L/m3. The calculated carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) emissions totalled 40,872 tonnes (t), of which 21,676 t were from cutting, 16,295 t were from forwarding, and 2,901 t from relocation trucks. By cutting method, the highest calculated CO2 eq. emissions were recorded in first thinnings (7340 g CO2 eq./m3) and the lowest in final fellings (3140 g CO2 eq./m3). The calculated CO2 eq. emissions in the forest machine relocations averaged 325 g CO2 eq./m3. The results underlined that there is a remarkable gap between the actual and optimal allocation of forest machine fleets. Minimizing the gap could result in higher work productivity, lower fuel consumption and GHG emissions, and higher energy efficiency in wood-harvesting operations in the future.

From the Experience of Expert Assessment of Illegal Logging of Forest Stands

The article presents the results of an expert assessment of the thinning out of forest stands on the territory of the N district of the Kirov region based on field studies. Fieldwork consisted of recalculating and measuring the diameters of stumps left after felling trees, establishing their species composition and quality condition to determine the volume of harvested wood in the context of species. The stumps found were identified as pine (70 %), spruce, birch, and aspen.The authors reveal that the release forest cutting was carried out within the boundaries of the designated cutting area with an excess of the established volume of wood harvesting for the prime breed (pine). The volume of felled pinewood exceeded 2.5 times; for other species, these data is more than 70 % lower than declared. At the same time, the total actual volume of the withdrawn wood does not exceed the data of the forest declaration. Based on the revealed violation of the forest legislation and the relevant regulatory documents, the authors have calculated the amount of damage caused to the forest plantation due to illegal logging of pine wood in the volume of 297 m3. The damage amounted to more than 4 million rubles.

Utilization of community forest wood harvesting waste in Bone Pute Village, Burau District, East Luwu Regency

Timber in community forests can be utilized by the community by first removing it from the forest through the harvesting process. The harvesting process carried out has the potential for waste to be generated. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and potential of harvesting waste and develop alternative uses of waste into products that can be utilized by the community. Data were collected through field observations and making sample plots by purposive sampling on logging plots, skidding paths, plots on TPn, and plots on TPK. Analysis of the data used to determine the characteristics of the waste and its alternative uses, namely qualitative descriptive analysis and calculating the volume of waste using the Brereton empirical formula. The results showed that the characteristics of the wood waste found consisted of stump waste, branch-free stem waste with physical defects, twigs, short pieces, broken wood, and rotten wood. The potential logging waste that can be utilized is in the good category with an average volume of 1.56 m3 in the form of the stump, 2.85 m3 per log in the form of branch-free stems, and 2.45 m3 per log in the form of shortcuts. Alternative utilization of harvesting waste is based on the calculated characteristics and potential, waste can be used as firewood, waste with a diameter of 10 cm and above can be used as raw material for chips, boxes, and poles. Wood waste can also be utilized by the particleboard, fiberboard, finger-joint board, laminated board, pulp, and wood charcoal and charcoal briquette industries if the availability of raw waste materials is sustainable and in sufficient quantities.

Trial performance of the zero waste harvesting method in three forest concession companies, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Currently, natural forest management companies (concession permit of timber forest products utilization-natural forest/IUPHHK-HA) have implemented Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) technology but timber harvesting is still carried out using the conventional method. Tree length logging is an alternative method of harvesting wood in an effort to reduced waste and increases the efficiency of the utilization of timber forest products and the preservation of natural production forests. The potential for wood harvesting waste is estimated at 2.21 million m3year−1 and has remained left in the cutting compartment for decades. The purpose of this paper is to obtain technical and financial information about forest harvesting on a zero waste basis. Data collection was carried out by experimental methods. Productivity, efficiency, cost, and stand damage data were collected. The results of the research in three IUPHHK-HA in Central Kalimantan show that the zero waste logging method can reduced harvesting waste by 5.1% and increase the efficiency of wood utilization from 87.7-92.8%. Another advantage of the zero waste logging method is that the additional waste from the trunk above the first branch is about 5.8%. The productivity of the conventional method averaged 26.333 m3hour−1 at a cost of IDR 33,941 m−3 while the tree length logging method was 27.320 m3hour−1 at a cost of IDR 35,251 m−3. It is suggested that the tree length logging method be implemented in natural production forest harvesting.

Methods of Protection Forest Soils during Logging Operations (Review)

Public opinion has become increasingly critical of current logging methods and technologies, and there is a demand for standards to guide the operations of environmentally impactful industries. For many years, numerous researchers have studied the impact of logging on forest soils, revealing that there is a high risk of damaging forest soil during forest operations and terrain transport. Here we analyse and review a total of 105 publications in this area. This large body of work demonstrates the scientific interest that this field has attracted. Despite this, important areas of uncertainty concerning the impact of forest harvesting still remain. In particular, changes in soil conditions can affect soil properties in ways that are not well understood, with possible impacts on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils as well as the structure of the soil cover. While it is difficult to fully eliminate the negative impact of forest operations on forest soils, their adverse environmental consequences should be minimised because soil plays a vital role in tree regeneration and helps determine the productivity of future forest stands. Some of the most frequently cited measures and effective technological solutions to minimize damage to forest soils involve taking terrain and different technical solutions into account when organising logging operations. Potentially helpful technical solutions include selecting machines and mechanisms suitable for the site conditions, using larger and/or low-pressure tyres, using tyre pressure control, using anti-skid tracks, using track belts, meliorating wet areas, and using logging machinery incorporating global positioning systems and geographic information systems. Planning measures that can help minimize soil damage include choosing a suitable wood harvesting system and technology, accounting for seasonal factors when planning logging operations, planning networks of roads and trails in advance, leaving wood residues or mats on soil surface, training forest specialists, and reducing the number of machine passes over skid trails and strip roads. Despite active interest in applying sparing methods of wood harvesting, uptake of measures designed to reduce negative impacts on forest soils after logging has been limited. This may be due to a lack of scientific and technical information and the high cost of implementing best management practices. Moreover, economic factors and production plans may require wood harvesting throughout the year, irrespective of conditions. For citation: Ilintsev A.S., Nakvasina E.N., Högbom L. Methods of Protection Forest Soils during Logging Operations (Review). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 92–116. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-92-116

Micro-Level Study of Deforestation in the Capital Terrotory of Pakistan

Wood products are better than artificial material, products when evaluating with environmental concerns, but our World's forests cannot be compromised for these products. As the increasing demand for wood product leads to deforestation, more rapid tree cutting even without permits and cause threat to human health and wildlife. The current study estimates the percentage of wood cutting and gives a comparison of green cover for a period (2009-2016) in Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP), Islamabad. Scale and after math of wood harvesting is a major area of concern. The wood consumption by villagers of MHNP, the role of authorities and communities to safeguard MHNP and its effects are also studied by incorporating villagers and forest guards' point of view through questionnaire and interviews, respectively. The forest cover of MHNP is reduced at high percentage due to deforestation and different land use pattern. It needs to be monitored and taken as the responsibility of the government and the public to protect forests.