scholarly journals Human Rhinovirus Association with Influenza-Like Illness and Symptomatic Treatment for Acute Respiratory Infection in a Brazilian Southern City

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Fernando Seiji Morais ◽  
Caio S. Bonilha ◽  
Emerson Carraro
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Southern City ◽  
The Impact

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the world’s leading cause of morbidity and mortality. ARI impairs children’s education and have a huge impact on the economy. Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the most prevalent agent of ARI. In this study, a clinical and epidemiological surveillance in outpatients was carried to investiga-te the involvement of HRV in ARI cases in the city of Guarapuava, a Brazilian southern city. Attention was also given to the most common medications used for treating ARI symptoms. Samples from 135 patients were col-lected from Apr to Dec from 2014, HRV was identified in nearly 20% of samples, with symptoms ranging from common cold to Influenza-like Illness (ILI) and was more frequent in individuals with 10 or less years-old. Ne-arly two thirds of patients reported use of at least one class of drug during the ARI episodes, such as analgesi-cs, cough and cold preparations, and NSAIDs. In some cases and with no justifiable reason, patients also repor-ted the use of antibiotics, possibly contributing to the development of bacterial resistance. These results show a significant detection rate of HRV in ARI cases, and highlight the impact of this virus in the local population.

scholarly journals Cumulative Effects of Particulate Matter Pollution and Meteorological Variables on the Risk of Influenza-Like Illness

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Kacper Toczylowski ◽  
Magdalena Wietlicka-Piszcz ◽  
Magdalena Grabowska ◽  
Artur Sulik
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

The cold season is usually accompanied by an increased incidence of respiratory infections and increased air pollution from combustion sources. As we are facing growing numbers of COVID-19 cases caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, an understanding of the impact of air pollutants and meteorological variables on the incidence of respiratory infections is crucial. The incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) can be used as a close proxy for the circulation of influenza viruses. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 has also been detected in patients with ILI. Using distributed lag nonlinear models, we analyzed the association between ILI, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration in Bialystok, Poland, from 2013–2019. We found an exponential relationship between cumulative PM2.5 pollution and the incidence of ILI, which remained significant after adjusting for air temperatures and a long-term trend. Pollution had the greatest effect during the same week, but the risk of ILI was increased for the four following weeks. The risk of ILI was also increased by low air temperatures, low absolute humidity, and high wind speed. Altogether, our results show that all measures implemented to decrease PM2.5 concentrations would be beneficial to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Study of the Mortality of Vaccine-Preventable Infections in Ukraine (1965– 2015)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hennadii Mokhort ◽  
Alina Kovalchuk ◽  
Roman Rodyna
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Meningococcal Infection ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to determine the impact of vaccination on the dynamics of mortality and the contribution of vaccine preventable infections to the structure of total infectious mortality of the population of Ukraine over the past 50 years to develop a more effective system of surveillance for this group of infections.IntroductionInfectious diseases are still the cause of a large number of deaths in Ukraine. Analysis of infectious mortality allows the study of the dynamics of diseases that pose the greatest danger. In particular, those that are vaccine-preventable and suggest more effective methods for organizing an epidemic surveillance system.MethodsThis work describes a retrospective population epidemiological study. The material for the statistical analysis was taken from the statistical form C-8 "Distribution of deceased by sex, age groups and causes of death" of the Ukrainian Center for Disease Control and Monitoring of the MoH of Ukraine for the period 1965-2015. This work analyzed the mortality dynamics of 1965, 1991 and 2015, which correspond to the firstly achieved 90-95% vaccination coverage against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus and poliomyelitis (1965), the first year of Ukraine's independence (1991), after its separation from the Soviet Union and the end of the study period (2015).ResultsOur data shows the difference in the number of deaths from all vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infections in 1965, 1991 and 2015 among the total population, children aged 0-14 years and in the age group 15 years and older. We also have data on the proportion of some infections in the nosological structure and total infectious mortality. The proportion of all infectious diseases decreased in the total number of deaths from 7.47% in 1965 to 1.53% in 1991 and 2.51% in 2015.The proportion of deaths from all infections was significantly higher in the overall structure of child mortality. It was 39.4% in 1965 and 7.25% in 2015. Almost the same decrease of proportion is demonstrated by all non-vaccine-preventable infections. The proportion of all vaccine-preventable infections (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, tuberculosis) in the total number of deaths decreased from 3.77% in 1965 to 0.85% in 2015. The decrease in the proportion of children deaths from vaccine-preventable infections was from 2.12% in 1965 to 0.35% in 2015.There is a 2.6-fold decrease in the total number of deaths from all vaccine-preventable infections among the general population, but for the children's population the reduction rate in 2015 compared to 1965 was 31.2 times. In the context of infant infectious mortality, vaccine-preventable infections (inclusive of tuberculosis) were 5.39% in 1965 and 4.8% in 2015. Potentially vaccine-preventable infections (pneumonia, meningococcal infection, influenza and other acute upper respiratory infections) demonstrated a child mortality rate of 80.52% in 1965 and 60.17% in 2015, and the number of deaths from these infections among children in 2015 was 37.3 times less than in 1965.ConclusionsCollection of data on infectious diseases mortality should be included into the epidemiological surveillance system. Decrease in mortality from non-vaccine-preventable infections may indicate a significant impact of natural, demographic and economic factors that can influence the decrease in mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases too.In Ukraine, vaccination of certain infections certainly had and in the future will also have an important value for controlling infectious incidence and mortality. Moreover, vaccination continues to be the most accessible and effective intervention for achieving global or regional eradication of infections. 

scholarly journals Cumulative effects of particulate matter pollution and meteorological variables on the risk of influenza-like illness in Bialystok, Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kacper Toczylowski ◽  
Magdalena Wietlicka-Piszcz ◽  
Magdalena Grabowska ◽  
Artur Sulik
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

AbstractThe cold season is usually accompanied by an increased incidence of respiratory infections and increased air pollution from combustion sources. As we are facing the growing numbers of COVID-19 cases caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, an understanding of the impact of air pollutants and meteorological variables on the incidence of respiratory infections is crucial. The influenza-like illness (ILI) incidence might be used as a close proxy for the circulation of influenza viruses. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 has also been detected in patients with ILI. Using distributed lag nonlinear models, we analyzed the association between ILI, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration in Bialystok, Poland, from 2013-2019. We found an exponential relation between cumulative PM2.5 pollution and the incidence of ILI that remained significant after adjusting for air temperatures and a long-term trend. Pollution had the greatest effect during the same week, but the risk of ILI was increased for the four following weeks. The risk of ILI was also increased by low air temperatures, low absolute humidity, and high wind speed. Altogether, our results show that all measures implemented to decrease PM2.5 concentrations would be beneficial to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections.Capsule summaryLow/medium high concentrations of particulate matter pollution increase the risk of influenza-like illness. The effect is independent from air temperatures and lasts for the four following weeks.

Key Aspects of Assessing Effectiveness and Efficiency of Implementation of the Federal Clean Air Project on the Example of the Comprehensive Emission Reduction Action Plan in Nizhny Tagil

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
SV Yarushin ◽  
DV Kuzmin ◽  
AA Shevchik ◽  
TM Tsepilova ◽  
VB Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Key issues of assessing effectiveness and economic efficiency of implementing the Federal Clean Air Project by public health criteria are considered based on the example of the Comprehensive Emission Reduction Action Plan realized in the city of Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region. Materials and methods: We elaborated method approaches and reviewed practical aspects of evaluating measures taken in 2018–2019 at key urban industrial enterprises accounting for 95 % of stationary source emissions. Results: Summary calculations of ambient air pollution and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic inhalation health risks including residual risks, evaluation of the impact of air quality on urban mortality and morbidity rates, economic assessment of prevented morbidity and premature mortality cases have enabled us not only to estimate health effects but also to develop guidelines for development and implementation of actions aimed at enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of industrial emission reduction in terms of health promotion of the local population. Conclusions: We substantiate proposals for the necessity and sufficiency of taking remedial actions ensuring achievement of acceptable health risk levels as targets of the Comprehensive Emission Reduction Action Plan in Nizhny Tagil until 2024 and beyond.

Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Pregnant Women: A Review

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Habeeb ◽  
Manju Chugani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID‐19) is a global public health emergency.Since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019, the infection has spread at an alarming rate across the globe and humans have been locked down to their countries, cities and homes. As of now, the virus has affected over 20million people globally and has inflicted over 7 lac deaths. Nevertheless, the recovery rate is improving with each passing day and over 14 million people have recuperated so far. The statistics indicate that nobody is immune to the disease as the virus continues to spread among all age groups; newborns to the elders, and all compartmentsincluding pregnant women. However, pregnant women may be more susceptible to this infection as they are, in general, highly vulnerable to respiratory infections. There is no evidence for vertical transmission of the COVID-19 virus among pregnant women, but an increased prevalence of preterm deliveries. Besides this, the COVID-19 may alter immune response at the maternal-fetal interface and affect the well-being of mothers as well as infants. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence available in the open literature regarding coronavirus infection during pregnancy and it now appears that certain pregnant women have infected during the present 2019-nCoV pandemic. In this short communication, we study the impact of the COVID-19 infection on vertical transmission and fetal outcome among pregnant women.

Two Visions of Lithuania

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Balkelis
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Proletarian Revolution ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores the initial conjunction and subsequent disentanglement of social and nationalist revolutions in Lithuania by focusing on the impact that war and various mobilizations had on the local population in 1918–19. Despite the explosion of social and nationalist unrest all over the country in late 1918, in a matter of several months the Bolsheviks lost their case. The key reasons for their failure were their military defeat by German, Lithuanian, and Polish troops, but also economic mismanagement, the refusal to distribute land to peasants, and an inability to present their revolution as “native.” Following the Leninist doctrine of “proletarian revolution” that relegated peasantry to a secondary position, the Bolsheviks failed to forge an alliance with the largest population group of Lithuanian society, which resulted in their downfall.

scholarly journals The lung–gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Sencio ◽  
Marina Gomes Machado ◽  
François Trottein
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Viral Respiratory

AbstractBacteria that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract are essential for good health. The gut microbiota has a critical role in pulmonary immunity and host’s defense against viral respiratory infections. The gut microbiota’s composition and function can be profoundly affected in many disease settings, including acute infections, and these changes can aggravate the severity of the disease. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which the gut microbiota arms the lung to control viral respiratory infections. We summarize the impact of viral respiratory infections on the gut microbiota and discuss the potential mechanisms leading to alterations of gut microbiota’s composition and functions. We also discuss the effects of gut microbial imbalance on disease outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders and secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, we discuss the potential role of the lung–gut axis in coronavirus disease 2019.

scholarly journals Family reported outcomes, an unmet need in the management of a patient's disease: appraisal of the literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shah ◽  
F. M. Ali ◽  
A. Y. Finlay ◽  
M. S. Salek
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Chronic Health Condition ◽  
Family Quality Of Life ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background A person’s chronic health condition or disability can have a huge impact on the quality of life (QoL) of the whole family, but this important impact is often ignored. This literature review aims to understand the impact of patients' disease on family members across all medical specialities, and appraise existing generic and disease-specific family quality of life (QoL) measures. Methods The databases Medline, EMBASE, CINHAL, ASSIA, PsycINFO and Scopus were searched for original articles in English measuring the impact of health conditions on patients' family members/partner using a valid instrument. Results Of 114 articles screened, 86 met the inclusion criteria. They explored the impact of a relative's disease on 14,661 family members, mostly 'parents' or 'mothers', using 50 different instruments across 18 specialities including neurology, oncology and dermatology, in 33 countries including the USA, China and Australia. These studies revealed a huge impact of patients' illness on family members. An appraisal of family QoL instruments identified 48 instruments, 42 disease/speciality specific and six generic measures. Five of the six generics are aimed at carers of children, people with disability or restricted to chronic disease. The only generic instrument that measures the impact of any condition on family members across all specialities is the Family Reported Outcome Measure (FROM-16). Although most instruments demonstrated good reliability and validity, only 11 reported responsiveness and only one reported the minimal clinically important difference. Conclusions Family members' QoL is greatly impacted by a relative's condition. To support family members, there is a need for a generic tool that offers flexibility and brevity for use in clinical settings across all areas of medicine. FROM-16 could be the tool of choice, provided its robustness is demonstrated with further validation of its psychometric properties.

scholarly journals Time Granularity Impact on Propagation of Disruptions in a System-of-Systems Simulation of Infrastructure and Business Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3922
Author(s):  
Mateusz Iwo Dubaniowski ◽  
Hans Rudolf Heinimann
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
System Of Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Networks ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
High Level ◽  
Systems Simulation ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

A system-of-systems (SoS) approach is often used for simulating disruptions to business and infrastructure system networks allowing for integration of several models into one simulation. However, the integration is frequently challenging as each system is designed individually with different characteristics, such as time granularity. Understanding the impact of time granularity on propagation of disruptions between businesses and infrastructure systems and finding the appropriate granularity for the SoS simulation remain as major challenges. To tackle these, we explore how time granularity, recovery time, and disruption size affect the propagation of disruptions between constituent systems of an SoS simulation. To address this issue, we developed a high level architecture (HLA) simulation of three networks and performed a series of simulation experiments. Our results revealed that time granularity and especially recovery time have huge impact on propagation of disruptions. Consequently, we developed a model for selecting an appropriate time granularity for an SoS simulation based on expected recovery time. Our simulation experiments show that time granularity should be less than 1.13 of expected recovery time. We identified some areas for future research centered around extending the experimental factors space.

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