Human rhinovirus serotypes induces different immune responses

Background Different species of human rhinovirus (HRV) can induce varied antiviral and inflammatory responses in human blood macrophages and lower airway epithelium. Although human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) are a primary infection route of HRV, differences between major and minor groups of HRV in the upper airway epithelium have not been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated viral replications and immune responses of major and minor groups of HRV in the HNECs. Methods Viral replication, immune responses of IFN-β, IFN-λ, proinflammatory cytokines, and viral receptors, and mRNA expression of transcription factors of HRV16 (major group) and HRV1B (minor group) in the HNECs were assessed. Results Compared with HRV16, HRV1B replicated more actively without excessive cell death and produced higher IFN-β, IFN-λ1/3, CXCL10, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 levels. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), TLR3, MDA5, NF-κB, STAT1, and STAT2 mRNA levels increased in HRV1B-infected HNECs. Conclusion HRV1B induces a stronger antiviral and inflammatory response from cell entry to downstream signaling compared with HRV16.

1327. Human Rhinovirus Infection in Multiple Myeloma Patients: Effect on Morbidity and Mortality

Background Human Rhinovirus (hRV) causes mild, primarily upper respiratory tract symptoms in immunocompetent hosts. However, in immunocompromised patients, it often progresses to a lower respiratory tract infection. Multiple myeloma (MM) patients are immunocompromised due to inherent immunodeficiency and exposure to biologic and chemotherapeutic agents. The complications of hRV infection in MM patients are not well known. In this study, we aim to identify the morbidity and mortality associated with hRV in MM participants. Methods This was a retrospective study, using Arkansas Clinical Registry Database, which identified all MM patients diagnosed with hRV infection by nasopharyngeal multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in January-December 2019. Duplicates within 30 days were excluded. Patients were followed for 30 days after diagnosis. We assessed the need for hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, oxygen administration, mechanical ventilation, and death. We collected their absolute neutrophil (ANC) and lymphocyte count (ALC) within three days of diagnosis and compared values using Mann-Whitney U test. Results We identified 217 MM patients with hRV. Ninety (41%) had prior autologous stem cell transplant, 148 (68%) had received chemotherapy within 30 days. Ninety (41%) had chest imaging, with 11 (12%) having infiltrates. Out of the 217, 69 (31.9%) were admitted, with a mean length of stay of 3 days. 13% of the admitted patients were transferred to the ICU. 65.5% of the admitted patients needed oxygen, and two required mechanical ventilation. The mean ANC and ALC for the admitted group was 3.88 cells/µL and 1.22 cells/µL respectively, compared to 3.57 cells/µL and 1.07 cells/µL in the outpatient group, p=0.6 and 1. Five participants died. Conclusion Human Rhinovirus infection in MM patients was associated with significant morbidity, including hospitalization, ICU care, supplemental oxygen requirement, and even mechanical ventilation in 2 patients. Death was observed within 30 days, although rarely. The mean ALC and ANC were not predictive of the severity of the disease. Recognizing hRV effects on morbidity and mortality could lead to earlier recognition and management of complications in MM patients. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Implications of the Unexpected Persistance of Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada

Stringent public health measures imposed across Canada to control the COVID-19 pandemic have nearly suppressed most seasonal respiratory viruses, with the notable exception of human rhinovirus/enterovirus (hRV/EV). Thanks to this unexpected persistence, we highlight that hRV/EV could serve as a sentinel for levels of contact rate in populations to inform on the efficiency¬, or the need of, public health measures to control the subsequent COVID-19 epidemic, but also for future epidemics from other seasonal or emerging respiratory pathogens.

Clinical Analysis of Pediatric Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome in One of the National Children's Medical Center in China

Objective: To study the clinical characteristics and treatment of pediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS).Methods: We analyzed the clinical data of nine children OMS between June 2017 and Nov 2020.Results: Nine children (M/F = 3:6, median onset age was 18 months) diagnosed with OMS were included in the study. Before onset, human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were seen in one patient, respectively. And one patient received Japanese encephalitis vaccination. Three patients had neuroblastoma, and one patient had ganglioneuroblastoma. All patients' symptoms were improved after receiving surgery (for four patients with tumor), intravenous human immunoglobulin and pulsed methylprednisolone. However, four patients without mass relapsed and became relapse free after rituximab treatment. The relapse rate was 44.4% (4/9). The OMS severity score at the last follow-up was significantly lower than the OMS severity score at onset (3.0 ± 1.0 vs. 11.0 ± 2.2, paired-samples t-test, P < 0.001). All patients had at least one item of neurological symptoms or neuropsychological disturbances.Conclusion: For pediatric OMS, human rhinovirus infection and respiratory syncytial virus infection can be seen before onset. Rituximab is effective in reducing relapse. Improving recognition and long-term prognosis in OMS is urgent.