scholarly journals Study of the Mortality of Vaccine-Preventable Infections in Ukraine (1965– 2015)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hennadii Mokhort ◽  
Alina Kovalchuk ◽  
Roman Rodyna
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Meningococcal Infection ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to determine the impact of vaccination on the dynamics of mortality and the contribution of vaccine preventable infections to the structure of total infectious mortality of the population of Ukraine over the past 50 years to develop a more effective system of surveillance for this group of infections.IntroductionInfectious diseases are still the cause of a large number of deaths in Ukraine. Analysis of infectious mortality allows the study of the dynamics of diseases that pose the greatest danger. In particular, those that are vaccine-preventable and suggest more effective methods for organizing an epidemic surveillance system.MethodsThis work describes a retrospective population epidemiological study. The material for the statistical analysis was taken from the statistical form C-8 "Distribution of deceased by sex, age groups and causes of death" of the Ukrainian Center for Disease Control and Monitoring of the MoH of Ukraine for the period 1965-2015. This work analyzed the mortality dynamics of 1965, 1991 and 2015, which correspond to the firstly achieved 90-95% vaccination coverage against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus and poliomyelitis (1965), the first year of Ukraine's independence (1991), after its separation from the Soviet Union and the end of the study period (2015).ResultsOur data shows the difference in the number of deaths from all vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infections in 1965, 1991 and 2015 among the total population, children aged 0-14 years and in the age group 15 years and older. We also have data on the proportion of some infections in the nosological structure and total infectious mortality. The proportion of all infectious diseases decreased in the total number of deaths from 7.47% in 1965 to 1.53% in 1991 and 2.51% in 2015.The proportion of deaths from all infections was significantly higher in the overall structure of child mortality. It was 39.4% in 1965 and 7.25% in 2015. Almost the same decrease of proportion is demonstrated by all non-vaccine-preventable infections. The proportion of all vaccine-preventable infections (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, tuberculosis) in the total number of deaths decreased from 3.77% in 1965 to 0.85% in 2015. The decrease in the proportion of children deaths from vaccine-preventable infections was from 2.12% in 1965 to 0.35% in 2015.There is a 2.6-fold decrease in the total number of deaths from all vaccine-preventable infections among the general population, but for the children's population the reduction rate in 2015 compared to 1965 was 31.2 times. In the context of infant infectious mortality, vaccine-preventable infections (inclusive of tuberculosis) were 5.39% in 1965 and 4.8% in 2015. Potentially vaccine-preventable infections (pneumonia, meningococcal infection, influenza and other acute upper respiratory infections) demonstrated a child mortality rate of 80.52% in 1965 and 60.17% in 2015, and the number of deaths from these infections among children in 2015 was 37.3 times less than in 1965.ConclusionsCollection of data on infectious diseases mortality should be included into the epidemiological surveillance system. Decrease in mortality from non-vaccine-preventable infections may indicate a significant impact of natural, demographic and economic factors that can influence the decrease in mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases too.In Ukraine, vaccination of certain infections certainly had and in the future will also have an important value for controlling infectious incidence and mortality. Moreover, vaccination continues to be the most accessible and effective intervention for achieving global or regional eradication of infections. 

Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Pregnant Women: A Review

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Habeeb ◽  
Manju Chugani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID‐19) is a global public health emergency.Since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019, the infection has spread at an alarming rate across the globe and humans have been locked down to their countries, cities and homes. As of now, the virus has affected over 20million people globally and has inflicted over 7 lac deaths. Nevertheless, the recovery rate is improving with each passing day and over 14 million people have recuperated so far. The statistics indicate that nobody is immune to the disease as the virus continues to spread among all age groups; newborns to the elders, and all compartmentsincluding pregnant women. However, pregnant women may be more susceptible to this infection as they are, in general, highly vulnerable to respiratory infections. There is no evidence for vertical transmission of the COVID-19 virus among pregnant women, but an increased prevalence of preterm deliveries. Besides this, the COVID-19 may alter immune response at the maternal-fetal interface and affect the well-being of mothers as well as infants. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence available in the open literature regarding coronavirus infection during pregnancy and it now appears that certain pregnant women have infected during the present 2019-nCoV pandemic. In this short communication, we study the impact of the COVID-19 infection on vertical transmission and fetal outcome among pregnant women.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on community antibiotic prescribing in Scotland

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Malcolm ◽  
Ronald A Seaton ◽  
Gail Haddock ◽  
Linsey Baxter ◽  
Sarah Thirlwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
National Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Electronic Messaging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Following concerns about increased antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic, trends in community antibiotic prescriptions in Scotland were evaluated. Methods The primary care prescription electronic messaging system used in GP practices with NHS contracts provided near real-time data analysis of national data. The main outcome measures were the weekly number of prescriptions for antibiotics generated by prescribers in GP practices in 2020 compared with 2019. Results At end of Week 12 2020 (22 March), after a sharp increase, the number of prescriptions commonly used for respiratory infections was 44% higher than the corresponding week in 2019. The number of prescriptions for respiratory antibiotics reduced through April and May 2020, with 34% fewer prescriptions issued by end of Week 22 (31 May) than in the corresponding week in 2019. Reductions were pronounced in all age groups but particularly apparent for prescriptions for children aged 0–4 years. These data were compared with weekly prescriptions for a selection of non-respiratory antibiotics and no difference was seen between 2020 and 2019. Conclusions Trends in antibiotic prescription data show that after an initial surge, and following ‘lockdown’ in Scotland, the total number of prescriptions for antibiotics commonly used for respiratory infections fell. We believe this is the first published national evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on community use of antibiotics. Further analysis of national data is planned to provide a greater understanding of the reasons behind these trends.

scholarly journals Impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lucia Helena De Oliveira ◽  
Barbara Jauregui ◽  
Ana Flavia Carvalho ◽  
Norberto Giglio
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Objectives.To summarize and critically evaluate the evidence on the impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccination programs around the world in order to inform decisionmaking in Latin America and the Caribbean.Methods.A review of the literature was conducted following several components of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed Central® was searched for papers published in any language from January 1999 – March 2017.Results.In all, 32 studies were included, most of which evaluated the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. Fourteen studies measured effectiveness and 30 measured impact. The effectiveness of polysaccharide vaccines was 65% – 83.7% (different age groups), while the effectiveness of the conjugate vaccines was 66% – 100%. Incidence decline of laboratory-confirmed meningococcal disease for the conjugate vaccine ranged from 77% – 100% among different ages groups. The only study that evaluated the protein subunit vaccine reported a vaccine effectiveness of 82.9%.Conclusions.The studies reviewed show impact and effectiveness of both polysaccharide vaccines and conjugate vaccines on vaccine-serogroup meningococcal disease. The conjugate vaccines, however, show higher impact and effectiveness with longer-lasting protection over the polysaccharide vaccines. Given the variance in potential use of a meningococcal vaccine, epidemiological surveillance systems should be strengthened to inform national decisions.

scholarly journals The Experience of a Comparative Analysis of the Incidence of Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract after the Introduction of a System of Epidemiological Monitoring of Pneumonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Kravchenko ◽  
T. A. Gavrilova ◽  
M. I. Khakimova ◽  
V. B. Kazanova ◽  
E. I. Vasilyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring

 The system of epidemiological surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia (VP) in the Russian Federation (RF) has changed since 2011. As a result, additional opportunities have emerged for a comparative analysis of the incidence of EP and ARVI. The goal is to give a comparative description of the incidence of CAP and ARVI by age groups, territories and seasonality, taking into account the results of a selective laboratory examination of patients.Materials and methods.A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study on the results of epidemiological surveillance at the regional level (Irkutsk Region, 2012–2016) was conducted. For 2016, the dynamics of the patient’s number with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (n = 706460) and VP (n = 15279) reported by weeks, as well as the results of selective PCR examination of 1788 patients for 13 viral and bacterial pathogens were analyzed.Results.Over 5 years, the incidence of the VP increased from 377.6 (370.0–385.2) per 100 thousand to 588.3 (578.7–597.9), the average annual growth rate was + 35.8%. At the same time, the incidence of ARVI decreased at an average annual rate of –2.9%. When comparing the incidence of CAP and ARVI in municipalities, it was found weakly correlation only (ρ = 0.172, p> 0.05). In contrast, in the analysis of seasonality, a direct strong correlation was found between SARS and EP by weeks of the year (ρ = 0.887, p <0.05). For an average of 5 years, there were 52 cases of ARVI per 1 case of EP. For children, there were no significant differences in this indicator by the seasons of the year, whereas in adults, EP were recorded relatively more often in summer and spring than in winter and autumn (p <0.05). Significant differences in the frequency of positive findings for the seasons of the year were found for pneumococcus, rhinoviruses, influenza A and RS viruses. The recorded incidence of CAP and ARVI was characterized by a weak correlation link by territory and a strong link by weeks.Conclusion.The introduction of the epidemiological monitoring system for pneumonia allowed to identify differences in the intra-annual dynamics of EF and ARVI among adults and children. This is the basis for correcting the tactics laboratory monitoring and prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections.

scholarly journals The ancient battle for iron: Our struggle with pathogens

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Prentice ◽  
Conor Doherty ◽  
Joann McDermid ◽  
Sarah Atkinson ◽  
Sharon Cox
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
The Impact

Young children in rural Gambia face constant exposure to gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and, during the rainy season (July–November), suffer recurrent bouts of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Within living memory, these conditions led to more than half of the children dying before their fifth birthday, providing a graphic demonstration of the impact that infectious diseases have had on our natural selection. Fortunately, these horrific statistics have been decreased greatly by improved medical care, especially through vaccination and anti-malarial therapies, but conditions such as these have inevitably left a powerful imprint on man's genetic make-up.

scholarly journals Access to sanitary toilets and health outcomes: A panel data analysis using two-way fixed effects model

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 8815-8830
Author(s):  
Wanli Zhou ◽  
◽  
Yingwen Gu ◽  
Xiulin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
The Impact

<abstract> <p>Based on the data regarding the renovation of the toilets of 30 provinces (municipalities) in rural China from 2005 to 2017, this study utilized a two-way fixed effect model to empirically test the impact of access to sanitary toilets on health, which include intestinal infectious diseases (consisting of hepatitis A, dysentery, and typhoid) and child mortality (consisting of perinatal mortality, infant mortality, and the mortality rate of children under 5). This study attempted to assess the health outcomes of the "toilet revolution" in rural China. The results showed that: (1) Access to sanitary toilets effectively reduced the incidence of hepatitis A and dysentery. For every 1% increase in the rate of access to sanitary toilets, the incidence of hepatitis A was reduced by 5.6%, and the incidence of dysentery was reduced by 36.5%. (2) Access to sanitary toilets does not significantly reduce child mortality. (3) There are obviously regional differences in the impact of access to sanitary toilets on the health outcomes. The renovation of sanitary toilets has shown the most significant effect on reducing the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases in the central region as well as the effect on reducing child mortality in the western region. It is implied that the health outcomes of China's "toilet revolution" may provide supporting evidence and experience for other developing countries and regions in implementing toilet renovation projects.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and mortality of zoonotic diseases in China

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e007109
Author(s):  
Chenjin Ma ◽  
Xiangyu Guo ◽  
Lan Wang ◽  
Wang Li ◽  
Shelan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hydatid Disease ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Monthly Incidence

BackgroundIt has been reported that strict non-pharmaceutical measures can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there are limited reports on the impact in terms of the rates of zoonotic diseases.MethodsWe extracted the incidence and mortality data of eight notifiable infectious zoonotic diseases from the website of the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China for the period of January 2015 to April 2021.ResultsFirst, the overall incidence of zoonotic diseases decreased from 0.3714 per 100 000 in 2015–2019 to 0.2756 in 2020 (25.79% reduction, p<0.001); however, a dramatic increase in activity was seen in 2021 compared with 2020 (0.4478 per 100 000 in 2021, 62.47% increase, p<0.001). Anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis and hydatid disease exhibited significant upward trends in 2021. Second, analysed further by stages, the monthly incidence in the routine stage (from May to December 2020) was much higher than that in the emergency stage of the COVID-19 (from January to April 2020) (55.33% increase, p<0.001). We also found that the monthly observed incidence was significantly lower than the predicted incidence of a 10.29% reduction in the emergency stage. Third, no differences were seen in mortality between 2021 and 2020, while a significant decline was found in 2020 compared with the previous 5 years (72.70%, p<0.001).ConclusionsStrict containment and feasible suppression strategies during the 2020 period of the COVID-19 pandemic had positive impacts on the overall incidence of zoonotic diseases in China. However, anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis and hydatid diseases might increase with the relaxation of non-pharmacological interventions in 2021.

Communicable Diseases After the Disasters: with the Special Reference to the Great East Japan Earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Iwata ◽  
◽  
Goh Ohji ◽  
Hideaki Oka ◽  
Yoshihiro Takayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Impact

On March 11, 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake – a massive temblor followed by a gigantic tsunami was associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Among many health problems such as trauma, drowning, and mental illnesses, infectious diseases may place significant burden on survivors of such disasters. Wound infections including tetanus, leptospirosis, legionellosis, rickettsiosis, respiratory infections, and diarrheal illness among other infections had been considered to be associated with earthquake and tsunami. Overall, the impact of infectious diseases after the Great East Japan Earthquake was relatively small, with only sporadic outbreaks observed. The incidence of serious infections such as tetanus, legionellosis, and tsunami lung, was also low, considering the overall impact of the earthquake and tsunamiper se. This review discusses the impact of infectious diseases after the Great East Japan Earthquake, and reviews past disaster-related infections as reference.

Meningococcal Vaccine Use in College Students

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1776-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A Kelleher ◽  
Marsha A Raebel
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
English Language ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Meningococcal Infection ◽  
Meningococcal Vaccine ◽  
Hand Search ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the role of meningococcal vaccine in prevention of meningococcal disease. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966–June 2001) was performed to identify key literature. Search terms included, but were not limited to, meningococcal vaccines, meningococcal meningitis, meningococcal infection, and meningococcus. The search was limited to English-language literature and references dealing with humans. The MEDLINE search was supplemented by a hand search of various bibliographies. DATA SYNTHESIS: The impact of meningococcal disease has caused national and regional organizations to develop recommendations for use of meningococcal vaccine. Even though the meningococcal vaccine can provide benefit, limitations exist. The available vaccine does not cover all meningococcal strains and is not useful in all age groups. The appropriate target groups for prevention of disease through vaccination have been difficult to determine; vaccine use in college students is especially controversial. CONCLUSIONS: Although a meningococcal vaccine is available, meningococcus causes significant morbidity and mortality. Controversy exists over the meningococcal vaccine and its use. Students entering college who will be living in dormitories should be informed of the increased risk of meningococcal disease and be offered vaccination.

scholarly journals Human Rhinovirus Association with Influenza-Like Illness and Symptomatic Treatment for Acute Respiratory Infection in a Brazilian Southern City

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Fernando Seiji Morais ◽  
Caio S. Bonilha ◽  
Emerson Carraro
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Southern City ◽  
The Impact

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the world’s leading cause of morbidity and mortality. ARI impairs children’s education and have a huge impact on the economy. Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the most prevalent agent of ARI. In this study, a clinical and epidemiological surveillance in outpatients was carried to investiga-te the involvement of HRV in ARI cases in the city of Guarapuava, a Brazilian southern city. Attention was also given to the most common medications used for treating ARI symptoms. Samples from 135 patients were col-lected from Apr to Dec from 2014, HRV was identified in nearly 20% of samples, with symptoms ranging from common cold to Influenza-like Illness (ILI) and was more frequent in individuals with 10 or less years-old. Ne-arly two thirds of patients reported use of at least one class of drug during the ARI episodes, such as analgesi-cs, cough and cold preparations, and NSAIDs. In some cases and with no justifiable reason, patients also repor-ted the use of antibiotics, possibly contributing to the development of bacterial resistance. These results show a significant detection rate of HRV in ARI cases, and highlight the impact of this virus in the local population.

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