Atypical presentation of Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus serotype Coxsackievirus A6, in India

A 27-year-old male presented in the OPD of Naval Hospital in Port Blair, Andaman Islands, India, in 2011 with a history of low-grade fever associated with malaise and a pruritic skin rash. Case 2 – A 17-year-old male student reported to the OPD at Naval Hospital, Kochi Kerala, India, in August 2015. He presented with eruptions on both the palm and soles with a history of high-grade fever for the past 3–4 days. Clinically, both the cases were diagnosed as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Both samples were tested against measles virus and varicella-zoster IgM antibodies by enzyme immunoassay and found negative. Stool sample (case 1) and lesion swab (case 2) were processed by enterovirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis, and both were positive for enterovirus human coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) (untranslated region [UTR]). Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed that both the CVA6 etiology belonged to the genotype F. HFMD in adults often asymptomatic and very few patients get atypical symptoms. Clinical diagnosis is often troublesome to identify HFMD in such cases. An epidemiological surveillance/vigilance is essential to document these atypical cases in near future in developing countries like India.

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Clinical features and phylogenetic analysis of severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by Coxsackievirus A6

Infection Genetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 ◽

pp. 104054 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiaohan Yang ◽

Yuanyuan Li ◽

Changbin Zhang ◽

Wenli Zhan ◽

Jia Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus A6 ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Emergence, Circulation, and Spatiotemporal Phylogenetic Analysis of Coxsackievirus A6- and Coxsackievirus A10-Associated Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Infections from 2008 to 2012 in Shenzhen, China

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.01231-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 51 (11) ◽

pp. 3560-3566 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

Ya-Qing He ◽

Long Chen ◽

Wen-Bo Xu ◽

Hong Yang ◽

Han-Zhong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus A6 ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Greek measles 2010 strains

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026881100094x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (3) ◽

pp. 432-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. MELIDOU ◽

G. GIOULA ◽

V. POGKA ◽

M. EXINDARI ◽

A. MOUTOUSSI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Measles Virus ◽

European Countries ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Minority Population ◽

Nucleotide Variation ◽

Roma Population ◽

Transmission Pattern ◽

Eu Countries

SUMMARYAlthough elimination of measles virus (MV) by 2010 was a revised target, a new epidemic has been ongoing in Greece and other European countries. The purpose of this study was the molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the Greek MV circulating strain. Twenty-four MV strains isolated from clinical samples during the 2010 outbreak were genotyped and studied in terms of nucleotide variation and phylogeny. All of the detected viruses were of the D4 genotype, which is circulating in Greece in the Roma population of Bulgarian nationality, the Greek Roma population and the Greek non-minority population, as well as in other EU countries. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses belonged to subgroup 4 of D4 MV strains. It is essential to continue epidemiological surveillance of measles in Greece to monitor the transmission pattern of the virus and the effectiveness of measles immunization, which eventually will lead to its elimination.

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Book Review:A Manufactured Plague: The History of Foot and Mouth Disease in Britain

Agricultural History ◽

10.1525/ah.2006.80.4.481 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 481-482

Author(s):

Adam Spencer

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

History Of

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Primary acquired melanosis (PAM) without atypia/WHO low-grade conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial lesion over areas of oculodermal melanocytosis

BMJ Case Reports ◽

10.1136/bcr-2020-236741 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. e236741

Author(s):

Bashar M Bata ◽

Sachin M Salvi ◽

Hardeep Singh Mudhar

Keyword(s):

Bulbar Conjunctiva ◽

Low Grade ◽

Primary Acquired Melanosis ◽

Conjunctival Biopsy ◽

History Of ◽

Intraepithelial Lesion ◽

The Relationship ◽

Oculodermal Melanocytosis ◽

Substantia Propria ◽

New Onset

An elderly white man with a history of left oculodermal melanocytosis presented with new onset brown pigmentation of the left bulbar and inferior tarsal conjunctiva. The bulbar conjunctival pigmentation was at the level of the conjunctival epithelium and was overlying areas of typical slate-grey scleral pigmentation characteristic of oculodermal melanocytosis. Both areas of new pigmentation were biopsied. The bulbar conjunctiva revealed primary acquired melanosis (PAM) without atypia with increased melanin production and the tarsal conjunctival biopsy showed PAM without atypia sine pigmentio overlying areas of substantia propria spindle-shaped heavily pigmented melanocytes of oculodermal melanocytosis. The case report examines the relationship between the epithelial and substantia propria melanocytes and correlates the findings with what is known about this association from the dermatopathology literature.

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Phylogenetic Analysis of T-Box Genes Demonstrates the Importance of Amphioxus for Understanding Evolution of the Vertebrate Genome

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/156.3.1249 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 156 (3) ◽

pp. 1249-1257

Author(s):

Ilya Ruvinsky ◽

Lee M Silver ◽

Jeremy J Gibson-Brown

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Whole Genome Duplication ◽

Genome Duplication ◽

Gene Families ◽

Vertebrate Evolution ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Vertebrate Genome ◽

T Box ◽

Genetic Complexity ◽

History Of

Abstract The duplication of preexisting genes has played a major role in evolution. To understand the evolution of genetic complexity it is important to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the genome. A widely held view suggests that the vertebrate genome evolved via two successive rounds of whole-genome duplication. To test this model we have isolated seven new T-box genes from the primitive chordate amphioxus. We find that each amphioxus gene generally corresponds to two or three vertebrate counterparts. A phylogenetic analysis of these genes supports the idea that a single whole-genome duplication took place early in vertebrate evolution, but cannot exclude the possibility that a second duplication later took place. The origin of additional paralogs evident in this and other gene families could be the result of subsequent, smaller-scale chromosomal duplications. Our findings highlight the importance of amphioxus as a key organism for understanding evolution of the vertebrate genome.

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What Did Angola Learn from the World and What Did the World Learn from COVID-19? Reflection on Epidemiological Surveillance in Health

Journal of Health Management ◽

10.1177/0972063420983609 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 528-540

Author(s):

Euclides Nenga Manuel Sacomboio

Keyword(s):

Critical Thinking ◽

Critical Analysis ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Professional Experience ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

The Government ◽

Scientific Reflection ◽

Epidemiological Situation

The global community is racing to slow down and eventually stop the spread of COVID-19, which is a pandemic that has killed thousands of lives and made tens of thousands sick. The new coronavirus has already reached Angola, with 25 confirmed cases, among them 2 died and 6 were cured. The government has decreed a state of emergency on 24 March 2020 for 15 days, which was extended twice for the same number of days that will make it possible to reduce clusters of people and keep them at home. This study reflected on the diverse ways of leadership. It is an article of theoretical, technical and scientific reflection, based on the experience of a new epidemiological situation, with a critical analysis based on technical, scientific and professional experience, with bibliographic input of data obtained from information published in scientific articles, newspapers, magazines and other official documents published in Angola and worldwide related to COVID-19. This article emerged from critical thinking based on the current situation of COVID-19 in Angola in the world and is reflected in this article, what Angola should learn and learned from the experience of other countries that also imported the disease, their history of investment in health, characteristics of their populations, their economies and other aspects.

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Epidemiological surveillance and performance assessment: the two roles of health indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic

International Journal of Law in Context ◽

10.1017/s1744552321000276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 186-203

Author(s):

Nathan Genicot

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Performance Assessment ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Health Policies ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Public Health Policies ◽

History Of ◽

And Performance ◽

The One ◽

Massive Development

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to the massive development and use of health indicators. Drawing on the history of international public health and of the management of infectious disease, this paper attempts to show that the normative power acquired by metrics during the pandemic can be understood in light of two rationales: epidemiological surveillance and performance assessment. On the one hand, indicators are established to evaluate and rank countries’ responses to the outbreak; on the other, the evolution of indicators has a direct influence on the content of public health policies. Although quantitative data are an absolute necessity for coping with such disasters, it is critical to bear in mind the inherent partiality and precarity of the information provided by health indicators. Given the growing importance of normative quantitative devices during the pandemic, and assuming that their influence is unlikely to decrease in the future, they call for close scrutiny.

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