scholarly journals First record of predation on Rhinella diptycha (Anura, Bufonidae) by Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (112) ◽  
Author(s):  
Couto Rodney Murillo Peixoto ◽  
Maiara Cabrera Miguel ◽  
Zaida Ortega Diago
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Young Individual ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Ontogenetic Variation ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
First Case

Caimans of the species Caiman latirostris, which are widely distributed in South America, are opportunistic predators. They show ontogenetic variation in diet, with young individuals initially feeding on invertebrates and then gradually adding vertebrates in their diets as they grow up. However, due to inexperience, young individuals may end up eating dangerous prey, such as poisonous amphibians. The intoxication caused by eating an individual of Rhinella diptycha may produce local irritation to the caiman, and even lead it to death shortly after ingestion. To avoid this threat, some animals use particular feeding strategies, such as starting to eat the prey’s posterior part, or eating only its viscera. In this note, we report the first case of a predation event of an adult individual of the poisonous toad R. diptycha by a young individual of C. latirostris that we observed in a pond of the Southeast of Brazil. The caiman waited until the toad was dead before starting swallowing slowly, from the anterior part of the body. We did not observe any sign that the caiman was affected by the prey ingestion, even some hours later after ingestion. Our register suggests that the caiman may be tolerant or adapted to eat this poisonous prey and encourage research on the causes and mechanisms of this tolerance.

scholarly journals The anatomy of symmetrical double monstrosities in the trout

1901 ◽  
Vol 68 (442-450) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Adaptation ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Complete Series

This paper contains the results of an investigation into the anatomy of a series of trout embryos exhibiting different degrees of symmetrical duplicity, and gives an account of the structural details which attend the fusion, disappearance, or special adaptation of parts in the region of transition from the double to the single condition. Some general questions suggested by these results are also discussed. The monstrosities examined were four months old counting from the time of fertilisation, and they form a fairly complete series ranging from specimens in which the duplicity does not affect more than the anterior part of the head to specimens in which there is union by the posterior part of the body or by the yolk-sac only.

Acrostichus puri n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), a phoretic associate of Augochlora pura mosieri Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsan Zeng ◽  
W. Kelley Thomas ◽  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Barbara Center ◽  
Robin Giblin-Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Bee ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Female Tail ◽  
Triangular Flap ◽  
Mating Tests

AbstractAcrostichus puri n. sp., isolated from the body of a sweat bee, Augochlora pura mosieri, is described and figured. The new species is morphologically, molecularly and biologically very similar to A. halicti, i.e., these two species share a very complicated gubernaculum structure, distally hooked spicules with a triangular flap-like rostrum, stomatal polymorphism and synchronised associations with halcitid bees. The new species can be distinguished from A. halicti by its spicule morphology, distinctive squared manubrium and sharply bent (= ca 90° or L-shaped) distal tip vs an indistinctive rounded manubrium and a strongly recurved (= ca 180° or U-shaped) distal tip; gubernaculum with narrower, longer, anterior part and more complex posterior part than A. halicti, and tail of both sexes, with a long and filiform spike on the male or female tail vs a short spike (male) or conical tail (female). These two species also differ from each other by significant molecular sequence differences in SSU (2.0%), D2/D3 LSU (4.5%) and mtCOI (9.2%), and are reproductively incompatible in mating tests.

scholarly journals Histological and Morphometrical Study of the Filiform Papillae in the Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Mircea CIPOU ◽  
Cristian MARTONOS ◽  
Adrian Florin GAL ◽  
Vasile RUS ◽  
Ion VLASIUC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Filiform Papillae ◽  
Morphometrical Study

The domestic rabbit is often preferred as an experimental model in diverse research and especially those regarding pathologies of the oral cavity, both in human and veterinary medicine. From five domestic mixed breed rabbits, fragments were harvested from the three regions of the tongue: apex, body and root, for histological investigations. The samples were processed by embedding in paraffin, sectioned at a thickness of 5 µm and stained with Goldner’s trichrome method. The histological examination highlighted the presence of the filiform papillae on the entire dorsal surface of the tongue, with morphological particular carachteristics for each portion. The dimension of the filiform papillae of the rabbit’s tongue differs both regarding the length as well as the thickness and density. The shortest filiform papillae were found on the tip of the tongue, then the length increases progressively, reaching the maximum level on the middle portion and decreases in the last portion. The density also differs, in in the three compartments examined, being the highest in the anterior part and the lowest in the posterior part. The thickness of the filiform papillae is inversely proportional to their density. The thickness of the papillae is smaller where the density is higher and highest where the density is lowest. The upper surface of the filiform papillae is variably keratinized depending on the lingual segment. The papillae with the highest level of keratinization are arranged in the body part of the tongue, and those at the tip and root are slightly lower.

scholarly journals The Function of the Anal Gills of the Mosquito Larva

1933 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Mosquito Larva ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glycerol Water ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions ◽  
Spontaneous Aggregation

The anal gills of the mosquito larva (Aedes argenteus) are the only region of the body that is freely permeable to water. In hypertonic solutions of sugar or glycerol, water is extracted from the gills and the larva shrinks. In pure water this is absorbed by the gills and later excreted by the Malpighian tubes. The absorption of water appears to be effected mainly by osmosis. Larvae can mature without the gills, but they seem to grow more slowly, and show almost no parenteral absorption of water. Normally the larva swallows very little fluid. The fluid in the gut is probably secreted in the posterior part of the mid-gut and reabsorbed in the anterior part and in the caeca. Some of the water excreted by the Malpighian tubes is reabsorbed in the rectum. As judged by the spontaneous aggregation of the flagellate Polytoma, oxygen is absorbed by submerged larvae all over the body surface, but most actively at the base of the gills. Carbon dioxide is given off equally all over the body surface. It is concluded that the anal gills are primarily water-absorbing organs, and are only incidentally concerned in respiration.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea

1893 ◽  
Vol s2-34 (136) ◽  
pp. 403-426
Author(s):  
EDGAR J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
Central Cavity ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Dorsal Sac

1. The green gland of Palæmonetes (and Palæmon) at the time of hatching of the larva has not developed a lumen, although the external opening can be detected. When the larva leaves the egg the lumen commences to open, and the gland consists of an end-sac and a U-shaped tube, of which the distal portion gives rise to the bladder. The bladder then enlarges greatly, growing at first inwards towards the middle ventral line, then upwards, within the oesophageal nerve-ring and anterior to the oesophagus, to the middle dorsal line, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side. The two bladders grow backwards over the stomach and beneath the dorsal sac, subsequently fusing together in the middle line to form the unpaired nephro-peritoneal sac. 2. The shell-glands are the functional excretory organs at the time of hatching and during the latter part of the embryonal period. They open at the bases of the second maxillæ, and each consists of an end-sac and a Y-shaped renal tube, which have the typical structure of a crustacean nephridium. 3. A dorsal sac, which is completely enclosed by an epithelial lining, persists in adults of Palsem on, Palæmonetes, and Crangon. This sac, which does not contain blood, lies upon the nephro-peritoneal sac and the front end of the ovary, being much enlarged at its posterior end. The cephalic aorta (ophthalmic artery) lies within the dorsal sac. 4. At its anterior end the dorsal sac is surrounded by a mass of tissue which appears to be producing blood-corpuscles. 5. The dorsal sac is formed as a hollowing out in masses of mesoderm-cells, which lie on either side of the cephalic aorta. Two lateral cavities are thus formed, which increase in size and unite below the aorta. Taking into account this mode of development, a comparison with Peripatus shows that the dorsal sac is homologous with the dorsal portions of the mesoblastic somites of that animal, and must therefore be regarded as a true cœlom. 6. The body-cavity of these Crustaceans varies in different regions. (a) In the anterior part of the thorax it consists of a true cœlom (the dorsal sac and nephridia) and a hæmocœle. The hæmocœle consists of (1) a central cavity, in which the stomach and intestine, the liver and the nerve-cord lie; (2) two lateral cavities, which contain the end-sac and proximal end of the tube of the shell-gland, and which communicate with the central cavity and with the cavities of the legs; and (3) these leg-cavities, which, in the second maxillæ, contain the tube of the shell-gland. (b) In the posterior part of the thorax the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of (1) the pericardial cavity, in which lies (2) the heart, and which is separated by the pericardial septum from (3) the central cavity of the body, which contains the genital organs, liver, intestine, and nerve-cord; (4) the lateral cavities, which communicate with the central cavity and with (5) the cavities of the legs. (c) In the abdomen the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of a dorsal and a ventral sinus, which communicate with one another by lateral sinuses.

A new species of patch-nosed snake (Colubridae: Salvadora Baird and Girard, 1853) from Oaxaca, Mexico

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4564 (2) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
CARLOS ALBERTO HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ ◽  
OSCAR FLORES-VILLELA ◽  
JONATHAN ATWOOD CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Taxonomic Descriptions ◽  
A New Species

A new species of snake of the genus Salvadora from Oaxaca, Mexico, is described. This taxon was confused with S. intermedia in previous taxonomic descriptions. It is characterized by lacking a pale vertebral stripe and by having incomplete dorsolateral stripes that do not reach the posterior part of the body, which is typical of congeners; by having both dorsolateral stripes separated each other by five to six scale rows on anterior part of body; and other scalation characters as well as the number maxillary teeth. The importance of this snake and its conservation is discussed. 

scholarly journals A Case Report of Coccidioidomycosis in the Renal Parenchyma of Unusual Severity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 232470962199533
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Coleman ◽  
Valerie F. Civelli ◽  
Rupam Sharma ◽  
Arash Heidari ◽  
Royce H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Report ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Renal Parenchyma ◽  
Genitourinary System ◽  
First Case ◽  
Disseminated Disease ◽  
Hispanic Male

Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is an endemic fungal infection that is found in the Southwestern United States and adjacent areas of Mexico as well as Central and South America. In the United States, 150 000 to 300 000 infections occur annually. The majority are asymptomatic. Of the symptomatic cases, the majority are primary pneumonic disease that varies from mild to very severe. A minority of persons develop disseminated disease (extrapulmonary disease). These typically manifest as meningitis, osteomyelitis, synovitis, and integumentary. CM has been described in virtually every part of the body, including the genitourinary system. Disseminated CM to the genitourinary tract is well known to occur but is rarely documented. It is believed this is the first case to report disseminated CM to the renal parenchyma. Diagnosis and treatment are described in a 56-year-old Hispanic male.

PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA ILLECTA, WALKER, WITH NOTES

1892 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 307-308
Author(s):  
G. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Anterior Half ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
Last Stage

Three days before that last moult, the larva is 1.30 inches; after the last moult and three days before pupating, 2 inches. Nearly cylindrical, tapering from the middle to both ends, the under side a little flattened, a slight fold above the legs but no fringe on the sides. The markings in the two last stages are the same, except that the orange is a little heavier in the last stage. The ground colour of dorsum, sides except below stigmata, and venter sordid white, below stigmata clear white; striped transversely over the back as low as the stigmata, thus leaving a clear white substigmatal stripe, eight of these stripes and these somewhat double, some broken and others partly continuous; a subdorsal and substigmatal row of orange patches, two of each row on each joint, the lower of each side of the stigma on the anterior part of the body, but on the posterior part these patches connect above the stigma, gradually passing from one from to the other; on joint two, instead of two pathces, the anterior half of the joint is orange with a row of black spots; joints three and four with an irregular row of orange across near the middle of the joint.

scholarly journals Insights Into the Complexity of Craniofacial Development From a Cellular Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea P. Murillo-Rincón ◽  
Marketa Kaucka
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Neural Crest Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
The Face

The head represents the most complex part of the body and a distinctive feature of the vertebrate body plan. This intricate structure is assembled during embryonic development in the four-dimensional process of morphogenesis. The head integrates components of the central and peripheral nervous system, sensory organs, muscles, joints, glands, and other specialized tissues in the framework of a complexly shaped skull. The anterior part of the head is referred to as the face, and a broad spectrum of facial shapes across vertebrate species enables different feeding strategies, communication styles, and diverse specialized functions. The face formation starts early during embryonic development and is an enormously complex, multi-step process regulated on a genomic, molecular, and cellular level. In this review, we will discuss recent discoveries that revealed new aspects of facial morphogenesis from the time of the neural crest cell emergence till the formation of the chondrocranium, the primary design of the individual facial shape. We will focus on molecular mechanisms of cell fate specification, the role of individual and collective cell migration, the importance of dynamic and continuous cellular interactions, responses of cells and tissues to generated physical forces, and their morphogenetic outcomes. In the end, we will examine the spatiotemporal activity of signaling centers tightly regulating the release of signals inducing the formation of craniofacial skeletal elements. The existence of these centers and their regulation by enhancers represent one of the core morphogenetic mechanisms and might lay the foundations for intra- and inter-species facial variability.

scholarly journals PREPARATORY STAGES OF PYRUS TESSELLATA, Scud.

1897 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 283-285
Author(s):  
G. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
Pale Green

Egg.—Diameter, .02 inch. Blunt conical, height about the same as the diameter; ridged with about 30 longitudinal striæ, with shallower cross striæ. Colour pale green. Duration of this period six days.Young Larvæ.—Length, .08 inch; cylindrical; head somewhat cordate, two-thirds the width of the body; the anterior part of joint 2 about one-half the diameter of the head, the posterior part as wide as joint 3; each joint back of 2 with four low transverse folds besides the very narrow fold at each end of the joint. Colour pale greenish with a white sheen; piliferous spots concolorous; hairs erect, forked to about the middle, the forks curving back towards the body anteriorly and posteriorly.

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