scholarly journals The Function of the Anal Gills of the Mosquito Larva

1933 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Mosquito Larva ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glycerol Water ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions ◽  
Spontaneous Aggregation

The anal gills of the mosquito larva (Aedes argenteus) are the only region of the body that is freely permeable to water. In hypertonic solutions of sugar or glycerol, water is extracted from the gills and the larva shrinks. In pure water this is absorbed by the gills and later excreted by the Malpighian tubes. The absorption of water appears to be effected mainly by osmosis. Larvae can mature without the gills, but they seem to grow more slowly, and show almost no parenteral absorption of water. Normally the larva swallows very little fluid. The fluid in the gut is probably secreted in the posterior part of the mid-gut and reabsorbed in the anterior part and in the caeca. Some of the water excreted by the Malpighian tubes is reabsorbed in the rectum. As judged by the spontaneous aggregation of the flagellate Polytoma, oxygen is absorbed by submerged larvae all over the body surface, but most actively at the base of the gills. Carbon dioxide is given off equally all over the body surface. It is concluded that the anal gills are primarily water-absorbing organs, and are only incidentally concerned in respiration.

Correlation between the Minimal Cross-Sectional Area of the Nasal Cavity and Body Surface Area: Preliminary Results in Normal Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jurlina ◽  
Ranko Mladina ◽  
Krsto Dawidowsky ◽  
Davor Ivanković ◽  
Zeljko Bumber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Nasal symptoms often are inconsistent with rhinoscopic findings. However, the proper diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathology requires an objective evaluation of the narrow segments of the anterior part of the nasal cavities (minimal cross-sectional area [MCSA]). The problem is that the value of MCSA is not a unique parameter for the entire population, but rather it is a distinctive value for particular subject (or smaller groups of subjects). Consequently, there is a need for MCSA values to be standardized in a simple way that facilitates the comparison of results and the selection of our treatment regimens. We examined a group of 157 healthy subjects with normal nasal function. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body surface area and MCSA at the level of the nasal isthmus and the head of the inferior turbinate. The age of subjects was not found a statistically significant predictor for the value of MCSA. The results show that the expected value of MCSA can be calculated for every subject based on anthropometric data of height and weight.

scholarly journals The anatomy of symmetrical double monstrosities in the trout

1901 ◽  
Vol 68 (442-450) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Adaptation ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Complete Series

This paper contains the results of an investigation into the anatomy of a series of trout embryos exhibiting different degrees of symmetrical duplicity, and gives an account of the structural details which attend the fusion, disappearance, or special adaptation of parts in the region of transition from the double to the single condition. Some general questions suggested by these results are also discussed. The monstrosities examined were four months old counting from the time of fertilisation, and they form a fairly complete series ranging from specimens in which the duplicity does not affect more than the anterior part of the head to specimens in which there is union by the posterior part of the body or by the yolk-sac only.

Acrostichus puri n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), a phoretic associate of Augochlora pura mosieri Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsan Zeng ◽  
W. Kelley Thomas ◽  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Barbara Center ◽  
Robin Giblin-Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Bee ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Female Tail ◽  
Triangular Flap ◽  
Mating Tests

AbstractAcrostichus puri n. sp., isolated from the body of a sweat bee, Augochlora pura mosieri, is described and figured. The new species is morphologically, molecularly and biologically very similar to A. halicti, i.e., these two species share a very complicated gubernaculum structure, distally hooked spicules with a triangular flap-like rostrum, stomatal polymorphism and synchronised associations with halcitid bees. The new species can be distinguished from A. halicti by its spicule morphology, distinctive squared manubrium and sharply bent (= ca 90° or L-shaped) distal tip vs an indistinctive rounded manubrium and a strongly recurved (= ca 180° or U-shaped) distal tip; gubernaculum with narrower, longer, anterior part and more complex posterior part than A. halicti, and tail of both sexes, with a long and filiform spike on the male or female tail vs a short spike (male) or conical tail (female). These two species also differ from each other by significant molecular sequence differences in SSU (2.0%), D2/D3 LSU (4.5%) and mtCOI (9.2%), and are reproductively incompatible in mating tests.

scholarly journals Histological and Morphometrical Study of the Filiform Papillae in the Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Mircea CIPOU ◽  
Cristian MARTONOS ◽  
Adrian Florin GAL ◽  
Vasile RUS ◽  
Ion VLASIUC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Filiform Papillae ◽  
Morphometrical Study

The domestic rabbit is often preferred as an experimental model in diverse research and especially those regarding pathologies of the oral cavity, both in human and veterinary medicine. From five domestic mixed breed rabbits, fragments were harvested from the three regions of the tongue: apex, body and root, for histological investigations. The samples were processed by embedding in paraffin, sectioned at a thickness of 5 µm and stained with Goldner’s trichrome method. The histological examination highlighted the presence of the filiform papillae on the entire dorsal surface of the tongue, with morphological particular carachteristics for each portion. The dimension of the filiform papillae of the rabbit’s tongue differs both regarding the length as well as the thickness and density. The shortest filiform papillae were found on the tip of the tongue, then the length increases progressively, reaching the maximum level on the middle portion and decreases in the last portion. The density also differs, in in the three compartments examined, being the highest in the anterior part and the lowest in the posterior part. The thickness of the filiform papillae is inversely proportional to their density. The thickness of the papillae is smaller where the density is higher and highest where the density is lowest. The upper surface of the filiform papillae is variably keratinized depending on the lingual segment. The papillae with the highest level of keratinization are arranged in the body part of the tongue, and those at the tip and root are slightly lower.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea

1893 ◽  
Vol s2-34 (136) ◽  
pp. 403-426
Author(s):  
EDGAR J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
Central Cavity ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Dorsal Sac

1. The green gland of Palæmonetes (and Palæmon) at the time of hatching of the larva has not developed a lumen, although the external opening can be detected. When the larva leaves the egg the lumen commences to open, and the gland consists of an end-sac and a U-shaped tube, of which the distal portion gives rise to the bladder. The bladder then enlarges greatly, growing at first inwards towards the middle ventral line, then upwards, within the oesophageal nerve-ring and anterior to the oesophagus, to the middle dorsal line, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side. The two bladders grow backwards over the stomach and beneath the dorsal sac, subsequently fusing together in the middle line to form the unpaired nephro-peritoneal sac. 2. The shell-glands are the functional excretory organs at the time of hatching and during the latter part of the embryonal period. They open at the bases of the second maxillæ, and each consists of an end-sac and a Y-shaped renal tube, which have the typical structure of a crustacean nephridium. 3. A dorsal sac, which is completely enclosed by an epithelial lining, persists in adults of Palsem on, Palæmonetes, and Crangon. This sac, which does not contain blood, lies upon the nephro-peritoneal sac and the front end of the ovary, being much enlarged at its posterior end. The cephalic aorta (ophthalmic artery) lies within the dorsal sac. 4. At its anterior end the dorsal sac is surrounded by a mass of tissue which appears to be producing blood-corpuscles. 5. The dorsal sac is formed as a hollowing out in masses of mesoderm-cells, which lie on either side of the cephalic aorta. Two lateral cavities are thus formed, which increase in size and unite below the aorta. Taking into account this mode of development, a comparison with Peripatus shows that the dorsal sac is homologous with the dorsal portions of the mesoblastic somites of that animal, and must therefore be regarded as a true cœlom. 6. The body-cavity of these Crustaceans varies in different regions. (a) In the anterior part of the thorax it consists of a true cœlom (the dorsal sac and nephridia) and a hæmocœle. The hæmocœle consists of (1) a central cavity, in which the stomach and intestine, the liver and the nerve-cord lie; (2) two lateral cavities, which contain the end-sac and proximal end of the tube of the shell-gland, and which communicate with the central cavity and with the cavities of the legs; and (3) these leg-cavities, which, in the second maxillæ, contain the tube of the shell-gland. (b) In the posterior part of the thorax the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of (1) the pericardial cavity, in which lies (2) the heart, and which is separated by the pericardial septum from (3) the central cavity of the body, which contains the genital organs, liver, intestine, and nerve-cord; (4) the lateral cavities, which communicate with the central cavity and with (5) the cavities of the legs. (c) In the abdomen the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of a dorsal and a ventral sinus, which communicate with one another by lateral sinuses.

A new species of patch-nosed snake (Colubridae: Salvadora Baird and Girard, 1853) from Oaxaca, Mexico

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4564 (2) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
CARLOS ALBERTO HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ ◽  
OSCAR FLORES-VILLELA ◽  
JONATHAN ATWOOD CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Taxonomic Descriptions ◽  
A New Species

A new species of snake of the genus Salvadora from Oaxaca, Mexico, is described. This taxon was confused with S. intermedia in previous taxonomic descriptions. It is characterized by lacking a pale vertebral stripe and by having incomplete dorsolateral stripes that do not reach the posterior part of the body, which is typical of congeners; by having both dorsolateral stripes separated each other by five to six scale rows on anterior part of body; and other scalation characters as well as the number maxillary teeth. The importance of this snake and its conservation is discussed. 

scholarly journals The Effect of Dry Carbon Dioxide Bathing on Peripheral Blood Circulation Measured by Thermal Imaging among Patients with Risk Factors of PAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1490
Author(s):  
Hanna Zbroja ◽  
Mateusz Kowalski ◽  
Anna Lubkowska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Peripheral Blood Circulation

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is becoming a serious health problem of present times. It appears crucial to explore therapies that might help to restore blood flow or increase tissue oxygenation. The most effective methods of detecting early-stage changes in blood circulation in the extremities need to be identified. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) bathing on peripheral blood circulation measured by thermal imaging among patients with risk factors of PAD and ankle–brachial index (ABI) in the normal range or ABI indicating some or moderate arterial disease (ABI > 0.5). The correlation between surface temperature change and PAD-relevant characteristics was also examined. Forty-six patients who were over 65 years old who had a minimum of two additional PAD risk factors were recruited. A series of ten dry CO2 baths was performed. Thermal images were taken before and after the intervention. The CO2 therapy caused a significant change in the body surface temperature of many body areas. Numerous moderate correlations between temperature change and health-related characteristics were identified. Therefore, patients with PAD risk factors could benefit from CO2 therapy. Improvements in blood flow change the body surface temperature, and these changes could be successfully detected by thermal imaging.

scholarly journals Does the kinorhynch have a hydrophobic body surface? Measurement of the wettability of a meiobenthic metazoan

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 160512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Ishii ◽  
Hiroshi Yamasaki ◽  
Ryosuke Uozumi ◽  
Euichi Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Hydrophilic Surface

The body surface of aquatic invertebrates is generally thought to be hydrophilic to prevent the attachment of air bubbles. In contrast, some interstitial invertebrates, such as kinorhynchs and some crustaceans, have a hydrophobic body surface: they are often trapped at the water surface when the sediment in which they reside is mixed with air and water. Here, we directly measured the wettability of the body surface of the kinorhynch Echinoderes komatsui , using a microscopic contact angle meter. The intact body surface of live specimens was not hydrophobic, but the anterior part was less hydrophilic. Furthermore, washing with seawater significantly decreased the wettability of the body surface, but a hydrophilic surface was recovered after a 1 h incubation in seawater. We believe that the hydrophobic cuticle of the kinorhynch has a hydrophilic coat that is readily exfoliated by disturbance. Ultrastructural observations supported the presence of a mucus-like coating on the cuticle. Regulation of wettability is crucial to survival in shallow, fluctuating habitats for microscopic organisms and may also contribute to expansion of the dispersal range of these animals.

Actuation of a magnetically coated swimmer in viscous media with a magnetic particle imaging scanner

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352
Author(s):  
Anna C. Bakenecker ◽  
Carlos Chinchilla ◽  
Thorsten M. Buzug
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Particle ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magnetic Actuation ◽  
Glycerol Water ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Magnetic Particle Imaging ◽  
Viscous Media ◽  
Real Time Tracking ◽  
Particle Imaging

AbstractMagnetic actuation of medical devices is of great interest in improving minimally invasive surgery and enabling targeted drug delivery. With untethered, magnetically coated swimmers it is aimed at reaching regions of the body difficult to access with catheters. Such a swimmer was previously presented, which is suitable for the navigation by the magnetic fields of a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) scanner. The swimmer could be imaged with MPI as well, enabling the tomographic real-time tracking of the actuation process. In this work the steerability of the swimmer is further investigated in media of varying viscosities. For this, glycerol-water-mixtures of different mixing ratios were used. The velocities of the swimmer were measured for viscosities between those of pure glycerol and pure water. The experiments were performed with an MPI scanner at maximal magnetic field strength of the actuating fields. A viscosity range was found in which the swimmer is steerable by the fields of an MPI scanner, which leads to a prediction of the applicability of the swimmer in different body fluids.

scholarly journals First record of predation on Rhinella diptycha (Anura, Bufonidae) by Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (112) ◽  
Author(s):  
Couto Rodney Murillo Peixoto ◽  
Maiara Cabrera Miguel ◽  
Zaida Ortega Diago
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Young Individual ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Ontogenetic Variation ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
First Case

Caimans of the species Caiman latirostris, which are widely distributed in South America, are opportunistic predators. They show ontogenetic variation in diet, with young individuals initially feeding on invertebrates and then gradually adding vertebrates in their diets as they grow up. However, due to inexperience, young individuals may end up eating dangerous prey, such as poisonous amphibians. The intoxication caused by eating an individual of Rhinella diptycha may produce local irritation to the caiman, and even lead it to death shortly after ingestion. To avoid this threat, some animals use particular feeding strategies, such as starting to eat the prey’s posterior part, or eating only its viscera. In this note, we report the first case of a predation event of an adult individual of the poisonous toad R. diptycha by a young individual of C. latirostris that we observed in a pond of the Southeast of Brazil. The caiman waited until the toad was dead before starting swallowing slowly, from the anterior part of the body. We did not observe any sign that the caiman was affected by the prey ingestion, even some hours later after ingestion. Our register suggests that the caiman may be tolerant or adapted to eat this poisonous prey and encourage research on the causes and mechanisms of this tolerance.

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