Multilingualism and Social Inclusion in Scotland: Language Options and Ligatures of the “1+2 Language Approach”

Recent global trends in migration, trade and overall mobility have continued to transform our objective realities and subjective experiences around linguistic diversity. More broadly, in many countries, the politics of multilingualism seem to have changed the old links between language and nation-state. In this context, Scotland is studied in this article as a case study as it acts to dispel the myth of a ‘monolingual country.’ Its recent language policy, the “1+2 Language Approach” (Scottish Government, 2012b), including regional languages, modern foreign languages and heritage languages of migrants have created opportunities as well as imbalances and issues of equity in the Scottish language habitus. Drawing on Kraus’s work (2018), this article demonstrates how the policy creates language as ‘options’ and as ‘ligatures.’ However, these ‘options’ and ‘ligatures’ are not salient and straightforward. The policy is explored on three different levels: (1) on its potential for allowing the development of multilingual communication strategies such as intercomprehension, code-switching and mixing, (2) on its commitment to linguistic justice avoiding language hierarchies and (3) on its links with dominating, neoliberal approaches to education and the economy. The article finally concludes that options and ligatures visible in language policy impose some semantic order on the confusion of layered co-occurrences of various hegemonies, or the general strain between macro and micro distinction.

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A Policy Proposal for Heritage Language Conservation: A Case for Indonesia and Sarawak

Issues in Language Studies ◽

10.33736/ils.1619.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Bambang Suwarno

Keyword(s):

Language Policy ◽

Heritage Language ◽

National Language ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Heritage Languages ◽

Policy Proposal ◽

The Public ◽

Official Languages ◽

Regional Languages

Heritage languages are declining in Indonesia and Sarawak. They need conservation due to their situations as endemic languages. Their decline could be attributed to the fact that they often do not possess significant roles in the public domains. As a result, their speakers see little rewards or prestige for maintaining them. In Indonesian and Malaysian constitutions there is a spirit for protecting heritage languages. However, their executions, through national laws, might not have provided adequate protection for the heritage languages. As heritage languages keep declining, a policy revision needs to be given consideration. A heritage language may better survive if it has some functions in the public domains. Thus, to conserve the heritage languages, there is a need for the revision of language policy, so that these languages may have roles in the public domains, with varying scope, depending on their size. Large regional languages may be given maximum roles in the public domains, while smaller regional languages may be given smaller roles. Language conservation areas could be developed, where heritage languages serve as co-official languages, besides the national language. These areas may range from a district to a province or a state.

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Esperanto: A Language Policy Assessment

Język. Komunikacja. Informacja ◽

10.14746/jki.2017.12.10 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Humphrey Tonkin

Keyword(s):

Language Policy ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Policy Assessment ◽

Linguistic Justice ◽

Strong Commitment

Unlike most projectors of planned international languages, the creator of Esperanto, L.L. Zamenhof, was as interested in status planning as in corpus planning. Zamenhof’s project was complete enough to be used as a means of communication, but incomplete enough to allow the community of Esperanto speakers to do much of the work of turning his project into a full-fledged language. Zamenhof himself saw the language as a means to an end, and, quite early on, entrusted the development of the language to its speakers while he pursued more lofty ideological goals. Recently scholars have turned their attention to the ideological side of the Esperanto community in general, including the strong commitment of Esperanto speakers to linguistic justice and to a greater awareness of the value of multilingualism and linguistic diversity.

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Constituting Scotland

10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697595.001.0001 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. Elliot Bulmer

Keyword(s):

Constitutional Law ◽

Constitutional Theory ◽

Constitutional Design ◽

Global Trends ◽

National Movement ◽

Comparative Constitutional Law ◽

Constitutional Thought ◽

Scottish Government ◽

Historical Trajectory ◽

Constitutional Tradition

The rise of the Scottish national movement has been accompanied by the emergence of distinct constitutional ideas, claims and arguments, which may affect constitutional design in any future independent Scotland. Drawing on the fields of constitutional theory, comparative constitutional law, and Scottish studies, this book examines the historical trajectory of the constitutional question in Scotland and analyses the influences and constraints on the constitutional imagination of the Scottish national movement, in terms of both the national and international contexts. It identifies an emerging Scottish nationalist constitutional tradition that is distinct from British constitutional orthodoxies but nevertheless corresponds to broad global trends in constitutional thought and design. Much of the book is devoted to the detailed exposition and comparative analysis of the draft constitution for an independent Scotland published by the SNP in 2002. The 2014 draft interim Constitution presented by the Scottish Government is also examined, and the two texts are contrasted to show the changing nature of the SNP’s constitutional policy: from liberal-procedural constitutionalism in pursuit of a more inclusive polity, to a more populist and majoritarian constitutionalism.

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Overcoming Aggressive Monolingualism: Prejudices and Linguistic Diversity in Russian Megalopolises

Open Linguistics ◽

10.1515/opli-2020-0038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 672-689

Author(s):

Vlada Baranova ◽

Kapitolina Fedorova

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Language Attitudes ◽

Russian Society ◽

Linguistic Landscape ◽

Labor Migrants ◽

Russian Speakers ◽

Multilingual Communication ◽

The One ◽

Everyday Reality

AbstractThe study deals with linguistic prejudices of citizens of the two main Russian cities, Moscow and St. Petersburg, toward speakers of foreign languages. It aims to reveal possible recent changes in the language ideology dominating Russian society. Monolingual and linguistically normative orientations rooted in the Soviet ideological approach are being challenged nowadays by global processes of migration and cultural diversification, which influence the everyday reality of Russian megalopolises. The research is based on the analysis of two sets of data: (1) meta-discourse on language attitudes derived from interviews with labor migrants and native Russian speakers in St. Petersburg and Moscow, and posts and comments on issues of language, migration, and linguistic landscapes, collected from websites and social media and (2) linguistic landscape data collected in 2016–2019, mainly in St. Petersburg, which reflect recent changes in attitude toward linguistic diversity in public space. These data show, on the one hand, that most city dwellers still relate to monolingual speech norms and try to implement control over public space; on the other hand, that the tolerance toward multilingual communication has been increasing over the years. The study suggests that these “first cracks” in monolinguals facades of Russian cities could eventually lead to the establishing of a less rigid language regime.

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Rethinking Language Education policy in the Context of Multilingual/ Multicultural English

International Journal of Multilingual Education ◽

10.22333/ijme.2021.18003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol X (2) ◽

pp. 49-53

Author(s):

Aicha Rahal ◽

Keyword(s):

Education Policy ◽

Language Policy ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Native Language ◽

Language Education ◽

Influential Factors ◽

World Englishes ◽

Policy Outcomes ◽

Language Education Policy ◽

Global English

Globalization has brought about a phenomenal spread of English. This spread has led to the emergence of the newborn varieties which has created serious challenges to language teaching pedagogy and language education policy. Bangbose (2003) has clearly pointed to this issue, stating “as researchers in world Englishes, we cannot consider our job done if we turn a blind eye to the problems of educational failure or unfavorable language policy outcomes” (as cited in the Council of Europe, 2007, p. 31). It seems that there is a mismatch between the advances that happened in the field of applied linguistics and language education policy. This paper focuses on language education policy in the context of global English because it is considered one of the influential factors in the gap between English lingua franca reality and English as a native language. First, it gives a brief overview of the recent situation with regard to English and shows the recent reality of multilingual English and its multifarious aspect (Rahal, 2018 & 2019). It also discusses the conceptual gap in language education policy. It points to the conceptual gap between the sociolinguistic reality of English and the language education policy that is still oriented towards English as a native language. Then, the paper points to the need for a language policy that includes linguistic diversity.

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Language Challenges in Global and Regional Integration

Sustainable Multilingualism ◽

10.2478/sm-2018-0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 14-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Phillipson

Keyword(s):

Language Policy ◽

European Integration ◽

Regional Integration ◽

Research Collaboration ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Student Mobility ◽

National Language ◽

University Education ◽

Minority Languages ◽

Linguistic Capital

Summary The article analyses whether the expansion of English is adding to linguistic repertoires, or whether a process of linguistic capital dispossession of national languages is taking place. It explores the role that discourses of ‘global English’ and of English as a ‘lingua franca’ play in processes of global and regional European integration. It considers whether the linguistic capital of all languages can be made productive when in much of Europe there is a marked downgrading of the learning of foreign languages other than English, alongside the continued neglect of many minority languages. Language pedagogy and language policy need to be situated within wider political, social and economic contexts. EU schemes for research collaboration and student mobility are of limited help in maintaining linguistic diversity. The Bologna process furthers European integration but intensifies the hegemony of English. Nordic universities are moving into bilingual education, combining English with a national language. The 2006 Declaration on a Nordic Language Policy aims at ensuring that Nordic languages and English develop in parallel, that all residents can maintain their languages, and that language policy issues should be widely understood. If neoliberalism and linguistic neoimperialism are determining factors, there are challenges in maintaining the vitality of languages, and organizing school and university education so as to educate critical multilingual citizens.

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A theoretical analysis of social entrepreneurship: The case of Poland and South Africa

Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research ◽

10.15549/jeecar.v8i1.596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 133-148

Author(s):

Natanya Meyer ◽

Włodzimierz Sroka

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Theoretical Analysis ◽

Social Entrepreneurship ◽

Social Inclusion ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Government Support ◽

Literature Study ◽

Global Trends ◽

For Profit ◽

Barriers And Challenges

As global trends are moving more towards social inclusion and green entrepreneurship many countries are changing the way they do business. This has sparked an interest in social entrepreneurship. Although much research has been conducted on this issue, fewer country comparisons are available and these could lead to an improved understanding of the topic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a theoretical analysis of social entrepreneurship comparing Poland and South Africa specifically focusing on the history, challenges, policy, and government support initiatives. The study followed a qualitative approach using document analysis by way of an intensive literature study. Findings indicated that social entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon and although it is of imperative importance as a means to improved social conditions, several barriers and challenges are prevalent. As with traditional for-profit businesses, social enterprises’ main barrier is access to finance.

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Editorial

Australian Review of Applied Linguistics ◽

10.1075/aral.37.3.001edi ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 190-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ingrid Piller

Keyword(s):

Language Learning ◽

Language Proficiency ◽

Social Order ◽

Social Inclusion ◽

English Language ◽

Equal Opportunity ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

English Language Proficiency ◽

Editorial Introduction ◽

Original Research

This editorial introduction orients the reader to current public debates and the state of research with regard to the intersection of linguistic diversity and social inclusion in contemporary Australia. These are characterised by a persistent lack of attention to the consequences of linguistic diversity for our social organisation. The editorial introduction serves to frame the five original research articles that comprise this special issue and identifies the key challenges that linguistic diversity presents for a fair and just social order. These challenges run as red threads through all the articles in this issue and include the persistent monolingual mindset which results in a pervasive language blindness and an inability to even identify language as an obstacle to inclusion. Furthermore, where language is recognised as an obstacle to inclusion this usually takes the form of assuming that an individual suffers from a lack of English language proficiency. Improving English language proficiency is then prescribed as a panacea for inclusion. However, on close examination that belief in itself can constitute a form of exclusion with detrimental effects both on language learning and equal opportunity.

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