Phyllochron and Leaf area ratio of maize influenced by different nitrogen levels and Growing Degree Days in two different climatic conditions

Abstract Phenology and reproductive biology of cultivated species are important for the comprehension of the requirements for fruit and seed production and the management of pollinators. This study aimed to characterise the phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine ‘Isabel’ (Vitis labrusca) in northeastern Brazil during January 2011 (P1), Augst 2011 (P2), April 2012 (P3) and August 2012 (P4). We recorded the duration (days) of the phenological stages, pruning (P), woolly bud (W), budburst (B), inflorescence development (ID), flowering (F), ripening (R) and harvest (H). We analysed the floral biology, the sexual system and the breeding system. We measured the growing degree days (GDD) required to reach the subperiods P-B, B-F and F-H. The periods P1, P2, P3 and P4 lasted for 116, 125, 117 and 130 days, respectively. The number of days of harvest were similar in the same dry (P1 and P3) and rainy (P2 and P4) periods. All the periods that we recorded were shorter than those observed in other regions of Brazil, which may be attributable to the mean temperature and carbohydrate metabolism. The flowers are green, hermaphroditic, with an odour of mignonette, low pollen viability and autogamous. The base temperature of 10°C was considered the most adequate for the subperiods as has been documented for other grape varieties in Brazil. Thus, temperature was also the most adequate for the cycles, presenting a smaller standard deviation (0.119, 0.147, 0.156 and 0.153 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively) when compared to a base temperature of 12°C (0.122, 0.158, 0.165 and 0.160 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively). The higher and the lower observed GDD were 1972.17 and 1870.05, respectively, both above the values recorded in other parts of Brazil for same variety. The phonological results, including knowledge of growing degree days, are important to the planning of cultures at the study site and in other regions that have similar climatic conditions and make it possible to pre-determine the harvest.

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Phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate increases growth of transplanted 1-0 red oak

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-020 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 131-134

Author(s):

Daniel K. Struve ◽

W. Timothy Rhodus

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Red Oak ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Auxin Treatment ◽

Net Assimilation

The basal 1 cm of taproot of dormant bareroot 1-0 red oak (Quercusrubra L.) seedlings were given a 3-s dip in 20, 40, or 80 mM concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate (P-ITB), or equal parts IBA and P-ITB at 20 or 40 mM concentrations. Sixty control seedlings were dipped in 95% ethanol, while 30 seedlings were used for each auxin treatment. Seedlings were potted on May 12, 1986, and grown outdoors. At the end of the 104-day study period, all concentrations of IBA and P-ITB significantly increased number of roots regenerated (from 5.3 with 20 mM IBA to 11.9 for 80 mM IBA) compared with control seedlings. However, P-ITB-treated seedlings produced significantly more leaves (20–24) and leaf area (320–472 cm2), and up to 10 g more dry weight than IBA and non-auxin-treated seedlings. P-ITB treated seedlings had higher relative growth and net assimilation rates and lower leaf area ratio than IBA-treated or control seedlings. Seedlings treated with 20 mM of equal parts IBA and P-ITB were similar to P-ITB-treated seedlings while seedlings treated with the 40 mM IBA and P-ITB combination were similar to IBA-treated seedlings.

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Changes in Net Assimilation Rate and Leaf-area Ratio with Time in Dactyl is glomerata L.

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084468 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 63-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

C. F. EAGLES

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Net Assimilation Rate ◽

Assimilation Rate ◽

Net Assimilation

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Growth of the crabgrass species Digitaria ciliaris and Digitaria nuda

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582012000200010 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 317-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R.C. Souza ◽

A.C. Dias ◽

M.R.A. Figueiredo ◽

F.E.B. Obara ◽

P.J Christoffoleti

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Relative Growth Rate ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Number ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Absolute Growth Rate ◽

Absolute Growth

The aim of this research paper was to compare the growth of D. ciliaris and D. nuda crabgrass species under non-competitive conditions. To this end, two experiments were conducted, one from March - July 2010 and the other from February - June 2011. The experimental design of both trials was completely randomized making a factorial (2 seasons x 2 species crabgrass x 12 evaluation periods) with four replications. Assessments began at 15 days after sowing (DAS), and repeated weekly until 92 DAS. The variables evaluated were total dry matter (roots+leaves+stems), leaf area, leaf number and tiller. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and leaf area ratio were calculated using the means, which were adjusted regression models. The crabgrass species were significantly different in leaf area, leaf number, tiller number and dry matter per plant. D. ciliaris for all variables was statistically higher than D. nuda. Regarding the speed at which the growth of the species occurred, the absolute growth rate and relative growth rate of D. ciliaris was also greater than D. nuda. In addition, D. ciliaris also had a lower leaf area ratio indicating greater efficiency in converting light energy into carbohydrates. It can be concluded that D. ciliaris has a higher growth rate in conditions where there is no limitation of nutrients and water availability in relation to D. nuda, mainly due to D. ciliaris have greater leaf area, number of leaves and dry matter accumulation per plant.

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Seed dimorphism in relation to germination and growth of Cakile edentula

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b93-145 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 71 (9) ◽

pp. 1231-1235 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Jianhua Zhang

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Plant Size ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Cakile Edentula ◽

Shoot To Root Ratio ◽

Carry Over ◽

Germination And Growth

Previous studies showed that the two seed morphs produced from the upper and lower fruit segments of Cakile edentula differed significantly in their germinability and carry-over effects on the growth of the subsequent plants. By partitioning variables into seed-morph and seed-mass components, this study suggests that both seed germination and the growth of the subsequent plants depend on seed mass rather than seed morph. Plants from large seeds generally had greater leaf area, shoot to root ratio, biomass, and smaller leaf area ratio than those from small seeds. Within the same seed-mass class, plants from the lower fruit segment showed greater shoot to root ratio only at the end of the experiment. Since specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and shoot to root ratio depended significantly on plant dry mass, the effect of seed mass on these variables may be actually achieved indirectly through the influence on plant size. Key words: seed dimorphism, seed mass, maternal effect, germination, growth, Cakile edentula.

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DIFFERENT SHADING NETS IN ESCAROLE GROWTH

Cultura Agronômica: Revista de Ciências Agronômicas ◽

10.32929/2446-8355.2017v26n4p584-595 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 584-595

Author(s):

Daniela Meira ◽

Daniele Cristina Fontana ◽

Carla Janaina Werner ◽

Thais Pollon Zanatta ◽

Patricia Brezolin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Block Design ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Biological Productivity ◽

Area Index ◽

Absolute Growth Rate ◽

Absolute Growth

The aim of work was to verify the effect of different shading levels in escarole crop, during summer in the northwest of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen RS Campus, in 2015 with Escarola Lisa escarole cultivar. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three shading levels (0%, 30%, 50%), with six replications. Growth evaluation were performed in destructive manner every seven days, from transplant to harvest point. From the information obtained, traits were determined: leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, biological productivity, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate. The data obtained were analyzed by the statistical program Genes, the Tukey test at 5% of error probability. The shading level 30% provided greater leaf area, higher biological productivity and absolute growth rate. However, the leaf area ratio was higher when shading level 50% was tested. However, it can be said that the shading levels favor growth of escarole crop.

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Nutrient Solution Concentration Affects Shoot: Root Ratio, Leaf Area Ratio, and Growth of Subirrigated Salvia (Salvia splendens)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.1.49 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Jong-Goo Kang ◽

Marc W. van Iersel

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Nutrient Concentration ◽

Carbon Allocation ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Hoagland Solution ◽

Shoot Tissue ◽

Salvia Splendens

To evaluate the effects of nutrient concentration and pH of the fertilizer solution on growth and nutrient uptake of salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult. `Scarlet Sage'), we grew plants with five different concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution [0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0× full strength; electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.4, 0.7, 1.1, 2.0, and 3.7 dS·m-1, respectively]. In a concurrent experiment, plants were subirrigated with modified Hoagland solution at 0.5× concentration and one of five solution pH values: 4.4, 5.4, 6.4, 7.2, and 8.0. Shoot and total dry weight and leaf area increased greatly with increasing nutrient solution concentrations from 0.125 to 1.0×, while leaf photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration, and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing nutrient solution concentrations. Treatment effects on growth apparently were caused by changes in carbon allocation within the plants. Shoot: root ratio and leaf area ratio increased with increasing fertilizer concentration. Plants flowered 8 days later at low concentrations of nutrient solution than at high concentrations. Shoot tissue concentrations of N, P, K, and B increased, while C, Al, Mo, and Na decreased with increasing concentration of the nutrient solution. The pH of the nutrient solution had no effect on the growth or gas exchange of the plants, while its effects on nutrient concentration in the shoot tissue generally were smaller than those of fertilizer concentration. These results indicate that 1.0 to 2.0× concentrations of Hoagland solution result in maximum growth, apparently because the plants produce leaf area more efficiently at high fertilizer concentrations.

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Improving the Prediction of Processing Pea Maturity Based on the Growing-degree Day Approach

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.4.611 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 611-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gaétan Bourgeois ◽

Sylvie Jenni ◽

Hélène Laurence ◽

Nicolas Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Current Model ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Developmental Period ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Unit System

The heat-unit system, involving the sum of daily mean temperatures above a given base temperature, is used with processing pea (Pisum sativum L.) to predict relative maturity during the growing season and to schedule planting dates based on average temperature data. The Quebec pea processing industry uses a base temperature of 5 °C to compute growing-degree days (GDD) between sowing and maturity. This study was initiated to verify if the current model, which uses a base temperature of 5 °C, can be improved to predict maturity in Quebec. Four pea cultivars, `Bolero', `Rally', `Flair', and `Kriter', were grown between 1985 and 1997 on an experimental farm in Quebec. For all cultivars, when using a limited number of years, a base temperature between 0.0 and 0.8 °C reduced the coefficient of variation (cv) as compared with 5.0 °C, indicating that the base temperature used commercially is probably not the most appropriate for Quebec climatic conditions. The division of the developmental period into different stages (sowing until emergence, emergence until flowering, and flowering until maturity) was also investigated for some years. Use of base temperatures specific for each crop phase did not improve the prediction of maturity when compared with the use of an overall base temperature. All years for a given cultivar were then used to determine the base temperature with the lowest cv for predicting the time from sowing to maturity. A base temperature from 0 to 5 °C was generally adequate for all cultivars, and a common base temperature of 3.0 °C was selected for all cultivars. For the years and cultivars used in this study, the computation of GDD with a base temperature of 3 °C gave an overall prediction of maturity of 2.0, 2.4, 2.2, and 2.5 days based on the average of the absolute values of the differences for the cultivars Bolero, Rally, Flair, and Kriter, respectively.

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Growth of canola hybrids resistant and sensitive to herbicides

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6supl2p2911 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽

pp. 2911-2922

Author(s):

Miria Rosa Durigon ◽

◽

Joanei Cechin ◽

Franciele Mariani ◽

Gerarda Beatriz da Silva Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Net Assimilation Rate ◽

Assimilation Rate ◽

Absolute Growth Rate ◽

Absolute Growth ◽

Net Assimilation

Plant growth analysis is useful for determining adequate management practices and exploring the maximum yield potential of cultivars or hybrids. Canola hybrids with resistance to herbicides have been studied and registered for Brazilian conditions, as they improve weed management in canola crops. This study evaluated the growth of canola hybrids resistant to triazine or imidazolinone herbicides compared to a sensitive hybrid. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design, with four replications, in a bifactorial scheme using three hybrids and six sampling times. The canola hybrids used were Hyola 571CL (resistant to imidazolinones), Hyola 555TT (resistant to triazines), and Hyola 61 (sensitive to both herbicides). Height, leaf area, and dry matter of roots, leaves, stems, and shoots of the plants were evaluated at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 119 days after emergence (DAE). The physiological indices absolute growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and net assimilation rate were calculated, and yield indices evaluated. Compared to Hyola 61, the Hyola 555TT hybrid showed lower values of leaf dry matter at 70 DAE, absolute growth rate up to 56 DAE, and net assimilation rate at 14 and 28 DAE, and a higher leaf area ratio at 56 DAE, whereas the hybrid Hyola 571CL presented lower leaf area and lower leaf dry matter at 70 DAE. At flowering, compared to Hyola 61, the hybrid Hyola 571CL presents lower leaf area, and the hybrids Hyola 555TT and Hyola 571CL have lower leaf dry matter accumulation. Differences in the growth of canola hybrids Hyola 555TT, Hyola 571CL and Hyola 61 do not cause differences in their grain yield.

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Analysis of The Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Exposed by Aluminum Toxicity and Silica as an Amelioration

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) ◽

10.22146/ipas.11194 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 015

Author(s):

Satiti Ratnasari ◽

Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra ◽

Didik Indradewa

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Al Toxicity ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Growth Ratio ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Growth Activity

Aluminum (Al) contained in acidic soil could become an obstacle for plant growth. The Al toxicity could inhibit root growth, water and nutrient absorption. One of the solution to overcome Al toxicity was by applying Silica (Si). The aim of this research was to study the impacts of Al to the growth activity of oil palm and to know the effects of Si to the growth activity of oil palm contaminated by Al. The factorial treatments were arranged in a complete random design with two factors. The first factor was Al toxicity, i.e. with and without Al, while the second factor was the application of Si that consisted of four levels (0, 32, 64, 96 gram per plant). some of variables included leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf area, net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth ratio (RGR), plant height, and plant dry weight were observed. The result showed that Al toxicity decreased the LAR, leaf area, NAR, RGR, plant height, and plant dry weight. The application of Si 32 gram per plant increased leaf area ratio and was not significantly different from the application of 96 gram Si per plant. However, the application of Si to oil palm contaminated with Al did not affect to relative grow rate, but its application to normal plant would increase the relative growth ratio.

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