Analysis of The Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Exposed by  Aluminum Toxicity and Silica as an Amelioration

Aluminum (Al) contained in acidic soil could become an obstacle for plant growth. The Al toxicity could inhibit root growth, water and nutrient absorption. One of the solution to overcome Al toxicity was by applying Silica (Si). The aim of this research was to study the impacts of Al to the growth activity of oil palm and to know the effects of Si to the growth activity of oil palm contaminated by Al. The factorial treatments were arranged in a complete random design with two factors. The first factor was Al toxicity, i.e. with and without Al, while the second factor was the application of Si that consisted of four levels (0, 32, 64, 96 gram per plant). some of variables included leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf area, net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth ratio (RGR), plant height, and plant dry weight were observed. The result showed that Al toxicity decreased the LAR, leaf area, NAR, RGR, plant height, and plant dry weight. The application of Si 32 gram per plant increased leaf area ratio and was not significantly different from the application of 96 gram Si per plant. However, the application of Si to oil palm contaminated with Al did not affect to relative grow rate, but its application to normal plant would increase the relative growth ratio.

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Phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate increases growth of transplanted 1-0 red oak

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-020 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 131-134

Author(s):

Daniel K. Struve ◽

W. Timothy Rhodus

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Red Oak ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Auxin Treatment ◽

Net Assimilation

The basal 1 cm of taproot of dormant bareroot 1-0 red oak (Quercusrubra L.) seedlings were given a 3-s dip in 20, 40, or 80 mM concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate (P-ITB), or equal parts IBA and P-ITB at 20 or 40 mM concentrations. Sixty control seedlings were dipped in 95% ethanol, while 30 seedlings were used for each auxin treatment. Seedlings were potted on May 12, 1986, and grown outdoors. At the end of the 104-day study period, all concentrations of IBA and P-ITB significantly increased number of roots regenerated (from 5.3 with 20 mM IBA to 11.9 for 80 mM IBA) compared with control seedlings. However, P-ITB-treated seedlings produced significantly more leaves (20–24) and leaf area (320–472 cm2), and up to 10 g more dry weight than IBA and non-auxin-treated seedlings. P-ITB treated seedlings had higher relative growth and net assimilation rates and lower leaf area ratio than IBA-treated or control seedlings. Seedlings treated with 20 mM of equal parts IBA and P-ITB were similar to P-ITB-treated seedlings while seedlings treated with the 40 mM IBA and P-ITB combination were similar to IBA-treated seedlings.

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EFFECT OF DAYLENGTH ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b67-008 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 117-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. J. C. Friend ◽

V. A. Helson ◽

J. E. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Total Plant ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Net Assimilation ◽

Daily Total

Leaf area per plant, total number of leaves and tillers, and total plant dry weight increased with increasing daylength over the range 8 to 24 h. The increase in the net assimilation rate and relative growth rate with increasing daily total radiation was similar to that obtained by raising the intensity of light given to plants grown under continuous illumination.During the vegetative phase of growth, the leaf area ratio decreased with increasing daylength, mostly because of an increased leaf thickness, again dependent on the level of total daily radiation. During the later stages of growth, earlier floral initiation at long daylengths caused an early decline in the leaf area ratio because of the rapid growth of the stem associated with inflorescence formation. This was a photoperiodic effect independent of the level of total daily radiation, as shown by supplementing an 8-h daylength with 8 h of low-intensity illumination.

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Proline Activity and Growth of Oil Palm affected by Aluminium Toxicity and Silica as Ameliorant

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) ◽

10.22146/ipas.10786 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 007

Author(s):

Annisa Khoiriyah ◽

Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra ◽

Prapto Yudono

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Aluminum Toxicity ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Al Toxicity ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Test Level

The research aims to investigate the effects of silica (Si) as an ameliorant on the proline compound concentration and the growth response of oil palm exposed to aluminum toxicity. The research was arranged in a complete randomized block design with 8 blocks as replications. The first factor was Al toxicity which consisted of two levels as without and with Al toxicity. Al toxicity treatment was applied by giving 300 ppm of Al concentrate along with watering activity regularly. The second factor was the application of silica which consisted of four levels as 0, 32, 64 g/plant. Proline and growth activities of leaf area, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weight were observed in the research. The data subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% test level. If the result of ANOVA showed significant differences among treatments, then the data would have been analyzed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% test level. The results of the research provide information that Al toxicity increases proline compound in the plant tissues and decreases leaf area, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weight of Oil Palm. Applying Si at the level of 64 g/plant could increase proline concentrate and dry weight of oil palm exposed to A1 toxicity. Proline compound in the plant tissues did not have any correlation with the growth of oil palm. Thus, this case indicated that proline was a product and not a plant tolerant mechanism of Al toxicity.

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Growth and Development of Organic Arsenical-Susceptible and -Resistant Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00039361 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 154-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

William E. Haigler ◽

Billy J. Gossett ◽

James R. Harris ◽

Joe E. Toler

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Reproductive Potential ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Xanthium Strumarium ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Growth Development

The growth, development, and reproductive potential of several populations of organic arsenical-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) common cocklebur biotypes were compared under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and relative growth rate (RGR) were measured periodically during the growing season. Days to flowering, bur dry weight, and number of burs per plant were also recorded. Arsenical S- and R-biotypes were similar in all measured parameters of growth, development, and reproductive potential. Populations within each biotype varied occasionally in plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and reproductive potential.

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Fitness Cost of Imazamox Resistance in Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10121859 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1859

Author(s):

Saeid Hassanpour-bourkheili ◽

Mahtab Heravi ◽

Javid Gherekhloo ◽

Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz ◽

Rafael De Prado

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Specific Leaf Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Fitness Cost ◽

Seed Plant ◽

Growth Indices ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Net Assimilation

Wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) is a difficult-to-control weed in soybean production in Brazil that has developed resistance to herbicides, including acetolactate synthase inhibitors. We investigated the potential fitness cost associated to the Ser-653-Asn mutation that confers imazamox resistance in this weed. Plant height, leaf and stem dry weight, leaf area and seed production per plant as well as the growth indices of specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, relative growth rate and net assimilation in F2 homozygous resistant (R) and susceptible (S) wild poinsettia progenies were pairwise compared. S plants were superior in most of the traits studied. Plant heights for S and R biotypes, recorded at 95 days after planting (DAP), were 137 and 120 cm, respectively. Leaf areas were 742 and 1048 cm2 in the R and S biotypes, respectively. The dry weights of leaves and stems in the S plants were 30 and 35%, respectively, higher than in the R plants. In both biotypes, the leaves had a greater share in dry weight at early development stages, but from 50 DAP, the stem became the main contributor to the dry weight of the shoots. The R biotype produced 110 ± 4 seed plant−1, i.e., 12 ± 3% less seeds per plant than that of the S one (125 ± 7 seed plant−1). The growth indices leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were generally higher in the S biotype or similar between both biotypes; while the relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were punctually superior in the R biotype. These results demonstrate that the Ser-653-Asn mutation imposed a fitness cost in imazamox R wild poinsettia.

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Growth of the crabgrass species Digitaria ciliaris and Digitaria nuda

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582012000200010 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 317-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R.C. Souza ◽

A.C. Dias ◽

M.R.A. Figueiredo ◽

F.E.B. Obara ◽

P.J Christoffoleti

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Relative Growth Rate ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Leaf Number ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Absolute Growth Rate ◽

Absolute Growth

The aim of this research paper was to compare the growth of D. ciliaris and D. nuda crabgrass species under non-competitive conditions. To this end, two experiments were conducted, one from March - July 2010 and the other from February - June 2011. The experimental design of both trials was completely randomized making a factorial (2 seasons x 2 species crabgrass x 12 evaluation periods) with four replications. Assessments began at 15 days after sowing (DAS), and repeated weekly until 92 DAS. The variables evaluated were total dry matter (roots+leaves+stems), leaf area, leaf number and tiller. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and leaf area ratio were calculated using the means, which were adjusted regression models. The crabgrass species were significantly different in leaf area, leaf number, tiller number and dry matter per plant. D. ciliaris for all variables was statistically higher than D. nuda. Regarding the speed at which the growth of the species occurred, the absolute growth rate and relative growth rate of D. ciliaris was also greater than D. nuda. In addition, D. ciliaris also had a lower leaf area ratio indicating greater efficiency in converting light energy into carbohydrates. It can be concluded that D. ciliaris has a higher growth rate in conditions where there is no limitation of nutrients and water availability in relation to D. nuda, mainly due to D. ciliaris have greater leaf area, number of leaves and dry matter accumulation per plant.

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Analysis of cassava growth at different harvest times and planting densities

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Eli Carlos de Oliveira ◽

Luiz Henrique Campos de Almeida ◽

Claudemir Zucareli ◽

Teresa Losada Valle ◽

José Roberto Pinto de Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Relative Growth Rate ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Plant Population ◽

Leaf Area Ratio ◽

Primary Data ◽

Population Densities ◽

Relative Growth

Vegetative canopy architecture, and plant population density, has a direct influence on the growth and production of crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of four cassava cultivars of contrasting canopies, in four population densities, during two vegetative cycles. A randomized complete block design was used in a subdivided plot scheme, with two replications, with the population densities in the plots and harvesting times in the subplots. ‘Branca de Santa Catarina’ (BSC), ‘IAC 13’, ‘IAC 14-18’ and ‘Fibra’ were collected every four months, beginning at 120 and ending at 720 days after planting (DAP). Primary data on dry matter and leaf area were calculated. The total dry mass (Wt), leaf area ratio (La), leaf area index (L), relative growth rate (Rw), and net assimilation rate (Ea) were calculated based on the primary data. All cultivars accumulated more total dry mass (Wt) at lower planting densities. The plants reached a higher leaf area ratio (La) 120 days after planting. In the second vegetative cycle, the four cultivars, independently of the population, presented a reduction of assimilate translocation to the leaves. Relative growth rate (Rw) of the cultivars varied strongly with the plant population only in the second cycle. ‘IAC 14-18’ showed greater dependence on spacing, and ‘Fibra’ less dependence. Growth (Rw) and assimilatory (Ea) rates decreased at the end of the first cycle, then increased slowly until the end of the second cycle of vegetation.

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Carambola Growth and Leaf Gas-exchange Responses to Seismic or Wind Stress

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.8.913 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (8) ◽

pp. 913-915 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thomas E. Marler ◽

Yasmina Zozor

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Seismic Stress

Growth and leaf gas-exchange responses of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) seedlings to wind or seismic stress were studied under glasshouse conditions. Forty days of twice daily seismic stress applied for 10 seconds consistently reduced carambola height, leaf area, dry weight, relative growth rate, and leaf-area ratio, but increased trunk cross-sectional area compared with plants receiving no seismic stress. Fifty-one days of wind load reduced plant height, leaf area, dry weight, trunk cross-sectional area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf-area ratio, and stomatal conductance compared with plants receiving no wind stress. Morphological appearance was similar for plants receiving wind or seismic stress. Net CO2 assimilation of carambola leaflets was reduced by 30 minutes of wind load for up to 6 hours following the stress. Results suggest that wind may reduce carambola growth at least partially by influencing leaf gas exchange or by the mechanical stress associated with wind.

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Quantitative Analysis of Greenhouse Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.) Growing

Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences ◽

10.24203/ajafs.v5i2.4710 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Harun Ã–zer ◽

Mehtap Ã–zbakÄ±r Ã–zer ◽

Ahmet Balkaya

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Assimilation Rate ◽

Sowing Time ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Total Plant ◽

Seed Sowing ◽

Net Assimilation

This study were carried out to of different sowing time in order to determine the effects on plant growth of kohlrabi cultivation under Samsun condaitions during the autumn growing periods in unheated greenhouse. Four different seed sowing times (1st September, 15th September 1st October, 15th October), two different kohlrabi cultivars (Kolibri F1 and Korist F1) and two mulch applications (mulch covered and uncovered) were used in this study.The plant growth parameters analyzed (total plant dry weight, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate) were found statistically significant (p<0.05). The highest total plant dry weight (114.1 g) was obtained from mulch application and 1st September seed sowing time. The highest leaf area ratio value were obtained in both mulch application the Kolibri F1 variety grown on October 15th. The highest net assimilation rate (0.65 g cm-2 day-1*1000) and relative growth rate (0.0090 g g day-1) were obtained from mulch covered plants grown in Kolibri varieties during September 1st. As a result, in this study higher dry matter accumulation was achieved by 1st September seed sowing times in vegetable growing in the last season in the greenhouse. In this way, the plants have successfully grown up and increased their productivity by entering the winter months, when the temperature and light intensity are decreasing.

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KAJIAN NAUNGAN, TARAF PUPUK UREA DAN VARIETAS KEDELAI (Glycine max L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN KEDELAI SEBAGAI TANAMAN SELA DI AREAL PERTANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT MENGHASILKAN

Jurnal Pertanian Tropik ◽

10.32734/jpt.v4i1.3065 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Napitupulu Asima

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Soybean Variety ◽

Open Area ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Plot Design

The aims of this research were to analyze morpo_physiology changing of soybean underthe oil palm area; determine the effect of shading and N fertilizer dosage on the growth and yieldof soybean under the oil palm area, and determine suitable soybean varieties that enablegrow and produce under oil palm. The experiment located in Ujung Labuan Village, DeliSerdang District. The experiment was arranged in Split-split Plot Design 3 x 4 x 3 with3 replication, with three factors observed: 1) shade level, consist of: under 4 years oldoil palm, under 6 years old oil palm, open area, 2) N dosage: 200 kg urea/ha, 150 kg/ha,100 kg urea/ha, 0 kg urea/ha, 3) soybean variety: Anjasmoro, Burangrang, andGrobogan. Plant height, leaf area, plant dry weight, and soybean production weredetermined. The result showed there were some significant effects of interaction factorsbetween oil-palm canopy shading, N dosage and soybean variety on growth and yield ofsoybean. The highest growth and production of soybean found in open areas. Between 4years old oil palm and 6-7 years old oil palm, soybean growth, and production areinsignificant different and lower than those on the opening area. N dosage makes somesignificant effects on growth and yield of soybean, which is usually nonsignificantbetween 150 kg Urea/ha or 200 kg Urea/ha. Meanwhile, soybean variety makes somesignificant effects. At the open area, burangrang make the highest growth and production byapplication of 200 kg urea/ha, but under oil palm, the highest production found atBurangrang under 4 years old oil palm and application of 200 kg urea/ha, followed byseveral treatments that are insignificantly different.

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