Growth of cowpea submitted to mineral fertilization and different doses of biofertilizer

In the Northern region, the cultivation of cowpea is mainly carried out by small producers, who have little financial and technological resources to optimize and increase production. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of cowpea subjected to mineral fertilization and doses of biofertilizer produced in domestic compost. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment, covered with a 50% shade screen, at the Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém PA, in 2017. Seeds were arranged in 5 L pots, containing 3.5 Kg of Yellow Latosol. For sowing, 3 seeds per pot were used and thinning occurred 7 days after seedling emergence, leaving only the most vigorous. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with subdivided plots, where the plots were the doses of biofertilizer (50, 100, 150 and 200 mL plant-1 + mineral fertilizer) and the subplots, the time periods: T1 (0 to 20 days), T2 (24 to 33 days), T3 (37 to 47 days) and T4 (51 to 61 days), containing five repetitions. Plant height, stem diameter, absolute stem growth rate and absolute growth rate in stem thickness were evaluated. The greatest growth of cowpea was obtained in treatments with mineral fertilization. The dose of 200 mL plant-1 of the biofertilizer showed results close to mineral fertilization, in different vegetative stages. Cowpea plants, starting at 45 DAE, tend to stabilize their growth in diameter.

EVALUATION OF THE USE OF MALANG SAND AS A FILTER MATERIAL ON WATER QUALITY, PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF MUD CRAB Scylla serrata

Mud crab Scylla serrata is one of crustacean commodities with high economic value. One of the unsolved obstacles in mud crabs cultivation is crabs’ stress level caused by the declining water quality. The recirculating system is a method for maintaining water quality throughout the rearing period of culture crab. This system can use a variety of physical filter materials, such as zeolite, sand, and other materials. This study aimed to determine the amount of malang sand as a physical filter which positively affect the physiological responses and production performance of mud crabs. This research was carried out using a recirculating system with a completely randomized design conducted in five treatments with three replicates, i.e., malang sand with a weight of 0 kg (control), 5 kg, 10 kg, 15 kg, and 20 kg. The results proved that the best physiological response and production performance of mud crab was observed at malang sand treatment with a weight of 5 kg. This treatment showed specific growth rate, absolute growth rate for body weight, absolute growth rate for body length, and the survival rate of mud crabs with the highest value of 0.18±0.061%, 0.13±0.05 g/day, 0.0016±0.00006 cm/day, and 77.77%, respectively, yet it had the lowest feed conversion ratio of 3.76±004. In addition, the 5 kg treatment had water quality parameters in the tolerable ranges for mud crabs’ growth.

Growth of canola hybrids resistant and sensitive to herbicides

Plant growth analysis is useful for determining adequate management practices and exploring the maximum yield potential of cultivars or hybrids. Canola hybrids with resistance to herbicides have been studied and registered for Brazilian conditions, as they improve weed management in canola crops. This study evaluated the growth of canola hybrids resistant to triazine or imidazolinone herbicides compared to a sensitive hybrid. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design, with four replications, in a bifactorial scheme using three hybrids and six sampling times. The canola hybrids used were Hyola 571CL (resistant to imidazolinones), Hyola 555TT (resistant to triazines), and Hyola 61 (sensitive to both herbicides). Height, leaf area, and dry matter of roots, leaves, stems, and shoots of the plants were evaluated at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 119 days after emergence (DAE). The physiological indices absolute growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and net assimilation rate were calculated, and yield indices evaluated. Compared to Hyola 61, the Hyola 555TT hybrid showed lower values of leaf dry matter at 70 DAE, absolute growth rate up to 56 DAE, and net assimilation rate at 14 and 28 DAE, and a higher leaf area ratio at 56 DAE, whereas the hybrid Hyola 571CL presented lower leaf area and lower leaf dry matter at 70 DAE. At flowering, compared to Hyola 61, the hybrid Hyola 571CL presents lower leaf area, and the hybrids Hyola 555TT and Hyola 571CL have lower leaf dry matter accumulation. Differences in the growth of canola hybrids Hyola 555TT, Hyola 571CL and Hyola 61 do not cause differences in their grain yield.

CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE ALGODÃO CULTIVADO EM PLINTOSSOLO PÉTRICO CONCRECIONÁRIO

CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE ALGODÃO CULTIVADO EM PLINTOSSOLO PÉTRICO CONCRECIONÁRIO* MARCIO NIKKEL1, SAULO DE OLIVEIRA LIMA2 * Parte da Tese de Doutorado do primeiro autor. 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Gurupi, Rua Badejós, Lote 7, Chácaras 69/72, Zona Rural, CEP 77402-970, Caixa Postal 66, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brasil, [email protected]. 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Gurupi, Rua Badejós, Lote 7, Chácaras 69/72, Zona Rural, CEP 77402-970, Caixa Postal 66, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brasil, [email protected]. RESUMO: O centro-norte do Brasil é uma região com forte presença de solo concrecionário, que apesar de apresentar desvantagem do ponto de vista agronômico, não impede sua utilização na agricultura, pecuária ou silvicultura. Mediante a observação de estandes agrícolas com culturas neste tipo de solo, surgiu a hipótese de que concreções de petroplintita interferem negativamente. O objetivo do trabalho foi de verificar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivado em solo com a presença de nódulos de petroplintita e na ausência deles. Plintossolo Pétrico Concrecionário foi coletado na camada 0-0,20 m e parte do solo foi peneirado de modo que concreções maiores de 3,10 mm de diâmetro fossem retiradas, deixando assim dois tratamentos, solo com concreções e sem concreções petroplintita. O algodão cultivado em solo sem petroplintita teve maior crescimento aos 21 e 28 dias após a emergência (DAE), assim como maior taxa de crescimento absoluto. Médias de área foliar também foram maiores no algodão cultivado em solo sem petroplintita, 94,36 cm2, ao passo que plantas de algodão cultivadas em solo com petroplintita tiveram média de 46,80 cm2. Assim sendo, conclui-se que concreções de petroplintita interferem no desenvolvimento e crescimento do algodoeiro. Palavras-chave: concreções, petroplintita, culturas anuais, restrição radicular, manejo do solo. COTTON INITIAL GROWTH CULTIVATED IN CONCRETIONARY PETRIC PLINTHOSOL ABSTRACT: The central-north of Brazil is a region with strong presence of concretionary soil, which, despite presenting disadvantages from the agronomic point of view, do not prevent their use in agriculture, livestock or forestry. Due to the observation of agricultural stands with crops in this type of soil, is hypothesized that plinthite ironstones concretions in the soil interfere negatively. The objective was to verify the growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivated in soil with the presence of plinthite ironstones and in the absence of them. Concretionary Petric Plinthosol were collected in the 0-0,20 m layer and part of the soil was sieved so that concretions larger than 3.10 mm in diameter were removed, thus leaving two treatments, soil with and without plinthite ironstones. Cotton grown in soil without ironstones showed higher growth at 21 and 28 days after emergence (DAE) as well in the absolute growth rate. Means of leaf area were bigger on cotton cultivated soil without ironstone, 94,36 cm2, while cotton growth in soil with ironstone showed means 46,80 cm2. Therefore, it is concluded that plinthite ironstones concretions interfere in the development and growth of cotton crops. Keywords: concretions, plinthite ironstones, annual crops, root restriction, soil management.

Soil preparation and NPK fertilization in the planting of five Atlantic Rainforest species in a clay extraction area

The occurrence of degraded areas worldwide grows each year and measures must be taken to mitigate degradation and to recover these areas. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of soil preparation and NPK levels on the growth of five native species of the Atlantic Rainforest in clay extraction area. The experimental design was randomized block in a split-split plot arrangement with four replications. Subsoiling and scarification soil preparation represented main plots. Doses of NPK 04-14-08: 0; 40; 80;160; and 320 g pit-1 represented subplots and Atlantic Rainforest native species represented sub-subplots. Absolute growth rate, stem diameter and number of leaves were evaluated, 210 days after planting. The type of soil preparation did not influence the development of the species. The best dose for Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, Inga laurina, Protium heptaphyllum and Psidium cattleyanum were 176.49, 150.18, 199.25 and 166.48 g pit-1 of NPK, respectively. Schinus terebinthifolius was highly responsive to planting fertilization, being recommended 320 g pit-1 of NPK. All species are indicated for area recovery.

Vegetative development of vine rootstock cultivars in brazilian cerrado conditions

In the State of Goiás, studies related to the vine's responses to the region's edaphoclimaticconditions are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of three vine rootstock cultivars, IAC 572 'Jales', IAC313 'Tropical' and IAC766 'Campinas', in the region of Goiânia, GO, after drastic pruning for uniformity. To evaluate the growth of rootstocks, the experiment was carried out in random blocks, in a double factorial scheme (3x7), with five replications, each repetition formed by a plant. The first factor consisted of three rootstocks: IAC313 ‘Tropical’, IAC572 ‘Jales’ and IAC766 ‘Campinas’. The plants were evaluated after 45 days after a drastic uniformization pruning, totaling seven evaluations (45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135 days after pruning), this being the second factor. The diameter of the main branch at the height of grafting (80 cm) and length of the main branch were evaluated. With the data on the diameter and length of the main branch, the absolute growth rate in diameter and length was calculated.The IAC572 'Jales' rootstock cultivar has greater vigor for branch growth, being 69% and 47.3% longer in length, and 49.8% and 18.8% longer in diameter than the IACrootstock. IAC 313 'Tropical' 'and' IAC766 'Campinas', respectively. The IAC766 ‘Campinas’ rootstock cultivar, although it has low vigor in branch growth, presents satisfactory development.

Morphological features of oat (Avena Sativa L.) shoots formation in the southern part of Ukraine

Oats is essential for agricultural production and processing industry due to the unique biochemical composition of its grain. Thus, it is very important to study the biological and morphometric features of oats. The length and area of the plant's organs can establish a degree of comfort of growing conditions and determine during which period of plant's life the external weather conditions changed. Phytomers are basic repetitive functional units of the oat shoot. This paper presents the description and parameters of development of oat shoot metamers, namely, the identification of growth patterns of terrestrial vegetative metamers of oat shoots and their parts. The experiments were conducted in 2013, 2014 and 2018. The weather conditions of the specified years varied greatly – 2013 and 2014 were the most favorable in terms of humidification and precipitation, while 2018 was a very dry one. The paper determines the absolute and relative growth rates of the oat shoot internode paper and the maximum growth rate of each metamer in the linear phase. According to our observations, the absolute growth rate of oats was negligible and increased from 0.01 to 0.5 mm/d when the air temperature varied from 15 °C to 20 °C. However, when the air temperature reached about 20 °C, the absolute growth rate increased from 0.5 mm/d to almost 2 mm/d. We also found the effective sum temperatures under which the beginning and the end of the growth of each internodes take place. Thus, the first internode starts to grow the effective temperature sum of up to 117 °C is with the accumulated while the panicle starts growing when the effective temperature sum of up to 668 °C is accumulated. The growth of both the seventh internode and the panicle stops at the same time when the effective temperature sum of up to 1173 °C is accumulated. The ontogeny of oat shoots has a regular sequence of growth and development of terrestrial vegetative shoot metamers and their parts. The average growth duration of oat stem internode duting the years of research constituted 9 days for the first internode, 30 days for the seventh internode and 26 days for the panicle .

Laju Pertumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan Mutlak Karang Lunak Cladiella sp. pada Substrat yang Berbeda

Soft corals have a soft textured skeletal like tiny spikes made of calcium carbonate present in their tissues. In general, soft corals are attached to hard substrates in the bottom of the waters. This study aims to determine the survival rate, relative and absolute growth rate, and comparison of soft coral growth rates on different substrates. The survival rate obtained was 100%, or 20 soft coral fragments lived until the end of the study. The growth rate and absolute growth of soft coral is relatively varied due to environmental and water quality, with the highest growth rate and absolute growth found in rubble substrate. week and 2,875 cm / week. There was no significant difference in growth rate of soft coral Cladiella sp. on the different substrate. In transplantation or soft coral cultivation activities, the selection of substrates becomes very important, and it is recommended to use rubble or dead coral substrates. Karang lunak mempunyai tekstur kerangka yang lunak berupa duri-duri kecil dari kalsium karbonat yang ada dalam jaringan tubuhnya. Pada umumnya karang lunak melekat pada substrat yang keras di dasar perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kelangsungan hidup, laju pertumbuhan relatif dan mutlak, dan perbandingan laju pertumbuhan karang lunak pada substrat yang berbeda. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup yang didapatkan yaitu 100 % atau 20 fragmen karang lunak dapat hidup sampai akhir penelitian. Laju pertumbuhan karang lunak relatif bervariasi karena pengaruh lingkungan dan kualitas air. Laju pertumbuhan dan pertumbuhan mutlak karang lunak Cladiella sp. relatif bervariasi karena pengaruh perbedaan substrat yang berbeda, dengan laju pertumbuhan dan pertumbuhan mutlak tertinggi ditemukan pada substrat rubble. Tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata pada laju pertumbuhan karang lunak Cladiella sp. pada substrat yang berbeda. Pada kegiatan transplantasi ataupun budidaya karang lunak, pemilihan substrat menjadi sangat penting, dan disarankan untuk menggunakan substrat rubble atau karang mati.

Biomass association in specimens and interspecific hybrids of tomatoes

The objective of this study is to analyze the growth of wild species of tomato, of the cultivar Redenção and of the respective F1 hybrids of interspecific crossings. We evaluated six wild-type accessions (Solanum pimpinellifolium ‘AF 26970’, S. galapagense ‘LA-1401’, S. peruvianum ‘AF 19684’, S. habrochaites var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’, S. habrochaites var. glabratum ‘PI-134417’, and S. pennellii ‘LA-716’) and the commercial cultivar Redenção (S. lycopersicum) together with their respective interspecific hybrids. In completely randomized blocks and plots subdivided by time (16, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days after transplanting), we evaluated leaf area (LA), total dry matter (TDM), absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). The distribution of assimilates in the different organs followed different patterns according to genotype. There was a greater accumulation of LA and TDM in the accessions ‘PI-127826’ and ‘PI-134417’ and in the hybrids ‘Redenção’ x ‘PI-127826’ and ‘Redenção’ x ‘PI-134417’. Due to a heterotrophic effect provided by the crossings, there were higher LA, TDM, AGR, RGR and NAR in hybrids than in parent plants. The accessions ‘PI-127826’ and ‘PI-134417’ presented a potential to be donor parents for obtaining tomatoes with a greater capacity of net assimilation and biomass accumulation.

Biochar as Phosphorus Conditioner in Substrate for Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.) Seedling Production in the Central Amazon

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction of biochar and phosphorus in substrate for seedling production of Brazil nut. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with the following treatments: five doses of biochar (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha-1) and effect of two levels of phosphorus (0 and 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5) with 4 replicates. The plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves were monthly evaluated. At the end of experiment (180 days), the plants were removed from the pots and were evaluated the dry weight of the seedlings (total, shoot and roots), absolute growth rate, height/diameter and shoot/root ratio, number of leaves, leaf gain and quality index of seedlings. There was a significant interaction between the biochar and phosphorus interaction. The elevation of the bioburden doses did not influence any variables with phosphorus. In the absence of phosphorus, the doses of up to 40 t ha-1 of biochar promoted the highest values of the analyzed variables. Higher doses of biochar (> 40 t ha-1) reduced the growth and seedlings quality, however, it was found that under phosphate fertilization, the seedlings were obtained better growth results.