Phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine ‘Isabel’ (Vitis labrusca, Vitaceae) cultivated in northeastern Brazil

Abstract Phenology and reproductive biology of cultivated species are important for the comprehension of the requirements for fruit and seed production and the management of pollinators. This study aimed to characterise the phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine ‘Isabel’ (Vitis labrusca) in northeastern Brazil during January 2011 (P1), Augst 2011 (P2), April 2012 (P3) and August 2012 (P4). We recorded the duration (days) of the phenological stages, pruning (P), woolly bud (W), budburst (B), inflorescence development (ID), flowering (F), ripening (R) and harvest (H). We analysed the floral biology, the sexual system and the breeding system. We measured the growing degree days (GDD) required to reach the subperiods P-B, B-F and F-H. The periods P1, P2, P3 and P4 lasted for 116, 125, 117 and 130 days, respectively. The number of days of harvest were similar in the same dry (P1 and P3) and rainy (P2 and P4) periods. All the periods that we recorded were shorter than those observed in other regions of Brazil, which may be attributable to the mean temperature and carbohydrate metabolism. The flowers are green, hermaphroditic, with an odour of mignonette, low pollen viability and autogamous. The base temperature of 10°C was considered the most adequate for the subperiods as has been documented for other grape varieties in Brazil. Thus, temperature was also the most adequate for the cycles, presenting a smaller standard deviation (0.119, 0.147, 0.156 and 0.153 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively) when compared to a base temperature of 12°C (0.122, 0.158, 0.165 and 0.160 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively). The higher and the lower observed GDD were 1972.17 and 1870.05, respectively, both above the values recorded in other parts of Brazil for same variety. The phonological results, including knowledge of growing degree days, are important to the planning of cultures at the study site and in other regions that have similar climatic conditions and make it possible to pre-determine the harvest.

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Improving the Prediction of Processing Pea Maturity Based on the Growing-degree Day Approach

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.4.611 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 611-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gaétan Bourgeois ◽

Sylvie Jenni ◽

Hélène Laurence ◽

Nicolas Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Current Model ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Developmental Period ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Unit System

The heat-unit system, involving the sum of daily mean temperatures above a given base temperature, is used with processing pea (Pisum sativum L.) to predict relative maturity during the growing season and to schedule planting dates based on average temperature data. The Quebec pea processing industry uses a base temperature of 5 °C to compute growing-degree days (GDD) between sowing and maturity. This study was initiated to verify if the current model, which uses a base temperature of 5 °C, can be improved to predict maturity in Quebec. Four pea cultivars, `Bolero', `Rally', `Flair', and `Kriter', were grown between 1985 and 1997 on an experimental farm in Quebec. For all cultivars, when using a limited number of years, a base temperature between 0.0 and 0.8 °C reduced the coefficient of variation (cv) as compared with 5.0 °C, indicating that the base temperature used commercially is probably not the most appropriate for Quebec climatic conditions. The division of the developmental period into different stages (sowing until emergence, emergence until flowering, and flowering until maturity) was also investigated for some years. Use of base temperatures specific for each crop phase did not improve the prediction of maturity when compared with the use of an overall base temperature. All years for a given cultivar were then used to determine the base temperature with the lowest cv for predicting the time from sowing to maturity. A base temperature from 0 to 5 °C was generally adequate for all cultivars, and a common base temperature of 3.0 °C was selected for all cultivars. For the years and cultivars used in this study, the computation of GDD with a base temperature of 3 °C gave an overall prediction of maturity of 2.0, 2.4, 2.2, and 2.5 days based on the average of the absolute values of the differences for the cultivars Bolero, Rally, Flair, and Kriter, respectively.

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Effects of thermal model and base temperature on estimates of thermal time to bud break in white spruce seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-129 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 1815-1820 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Rongzhou Man ◽

Pengxin Lu

Keyword(s):

White Spruce ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Thermal Time ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Bud Break ◽

Bud Burst ◽

Degree Days ◽

Growing Degree Hours ◽

Time Requirements

To improve the predictability of bud burst and growth of boreal trees under varying climate, the thermal time for bud break in white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings was evaluated under a range of temperature conditions in controlled environment chambers. Thermal time requirements were calculated as the sum of growing degree days or growing degree hours above base temperatures ranging from –1 to 5 °C. The results indicated that the common modeling approach, which uses a high base temperature of 5 °C and growing degree days, may not be appropriate for future climatic conditions. Estimates of thermal time requirements using a base temperature of 5 °C varied considerably among temperature treatments and thus would reduce the predictability of bud burst under changing climate. In contrast, estimates of thermal time requirements with lower temperatures closer to 1 °C were relatively consistent among treatments. Growing degree hour models were less sensitive to base temperature than degree day models. These results should help in the selection of appropriate base temperatures and thermal time models in quantification of thermal time for bud burst modeling in other boreal trees.

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Spatial Soil Temperature and Moisture Monitoring Across the Transylvanian Plain in Romania

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:5023 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Beatrix HAGGARD ◽

Teodor RUSU ◽

David WEINDORF ◽

Horea CACOVEAN ◽

Paula MORARU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Best Management Practices ◽

Management Practices ◽

Spline Interpolation ◽

Planting Date ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Important Region ◽

Soil Temperatures

The Transylvanian Plain, Romania is an important region for agronomic productivity. However, limited soils data and adoption of best management practices hinder land productivity. Soil temperatures of the Transylvanian Plain were evaluated using a set of twenty datalogging stations positioned throughout the plain. Soil temperatures were monitored at the surface and at 10, 30, and 50 cm depths, and soil moisture was monitored at 10 cm. Preliminary results indicate that most soils of the Transylvanian Plain will have a mesic temperature regime. However, differences in seasonal warming and cooling trends across the plain were noted. These have important implications for planting recommendations. Growing degree days (GDDs) are preferred over maturity ratings, because they can account for temperature anomalies. The crop being considered for this study was corn. The base temperature (BT) was set at 10oC, and the upper threshold was 30oC. Two methods were used to calculate GDDs; 1) minimum and maximum daily temperatures, and 2) 24 h of averaged temperature data. Growing degree days were run from 110-199 day of year (DOY) to represent approximate planting date to tasseling. The DOY that 694 accumulated growing degree days (AGDDs) was reached at each site was then analyzed to identify differences across the TP. Three sites failed to reach 694 AGDDs by DOY 199, and were excluded from comparisons to other results. Averaged values were used to create spline interpolation maps with ArcMap 9.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA). The southeastern portion of the TP was found to tassel a month earlier assuming a planting date of 109 DOY. Four DeKalb® corn hybrids were then selected based on GDDs to tasseling, drydown, drought tolerance, and insect resistance. With a better understanding of the GDD trends across the TP, more effective planting and harvesting could be accomplished by Romanian farmers to maximize agronomic production.

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Studies on Determination of Critical Growing Degree Days, Base Temperature (Tb) and Response of Temperature Variations on Flowering and Yield per se in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4262 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Venkatesh Bondade ◽

Sanjeev K Deshpande

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Temperature Variations ◽

Days To Flowering ◽

Matter Production ◽

Flowering Initiation

Growing degree days (GDD) or heat units accumulation is the major factor that affects the dry matter production in the plants. In the present investigation eleven genotypes were used to screen for temperature insensitivity through staggered plantings across the seasons in a year. Days to flowering initiation was recorded and base temperature (Tb) was determined using mean daily air temperature (MAT). GDD of individual genotypes was estimated using base temperatures of particular genotypes. It was observed that the GDD, days to flowering initiation and yield were exhibited high variation across the seasons, the flowering time from days to planting (FTDAP) registered significant negative correlation with GDD and MAT and positively correlated with yield. Whereas GDD is positively correlated with MAT and negatively correlated with yield. Here three genotypes namely, IC202926, IC198326 and IC257428 were identified as temperature insensitive genotypes as their performances were comparable across the seasons without much fluctuations.

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Floral biology and breeding system of endangered species: Parmentiera cereifera Seem. (Bignoniaceae)

Journal of Biological Researches ◽

10.23869/bphjbr.26.2.20216 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 85-91

Author(s):

Janis Damaiyani

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Reproductive Biology ◽

Breeding System ◽

Pollen Viability ◽

Floral Biology ◽

Stigma Receptivity ◽

Temporal Separation ◽

Tetrazolium Chloride ◽

Flower Biology ◽

The Family

Parmentiera cereifera Seem. is an endangered species in the family Bignoniaceae. Related to the conservation effort, information about the reproductive biology of this species is very limited. Based on that, the objectives of this study were to provide knowledge about the reproductive properties such as floral biology and breeding system of P. cereifera. The research was conducted at Purwodadi Botanic Garden, from October 2019 to February 2021. Several important aspects of reproductive biology, including flower biology, pollen viability and stigma receptivity, pollen morphology and breeding system were investigated. The viability was tested with TTC (2, 3, 5–triphenly tetrazolium chloride) and stigma reseptivity was tested with hydrogen peroxide. The breeding system was determined based on outcrossing index (OCI) using Cruden's method. The results showed that P. cereifera flower was monoecious, had morphological character that supported nocturnal pollination. Stigma and anthers spatially separated, but there was no temporal separation of stigma receptivity and anther dehiscence. Based on the flower biology, the pollen ornamentation (reticulate type), and the Out-Crossing Index (OCI=4), the breeding system was outcrossing but partially self-compatible, required pollinators (zoophily)

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BASE GROWTH TEMPERATURE AND PHYLLOCHRON FOR KIKUYU GRASS (Cenchrus clandestinus; Poaceae)

Acta Biológica Colombiana ◽

10.15446/abc.v26n2.83199 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 160-169

Author(s):

Ruth Amanda Acero Camelo ◽

Manuel Ricardo Esteban Molina ◽

Alfonso Parra Coronado ◽

Gerhard Fischer ◽

Juan Evangelista Carulla Fornaguera

Keyword(s):

Cross Validation ◽

Growth Models ◽

Variation Method ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Kikuyu Grass ◽

Predicted Values ◽

Made In

In order to estimate the base temperature (Bt) of growth through the appearance of leaves and calculate the phyllochron for kikuyu grass, three plots were established on three farms in the Provincia of Ubaté (Cundinamarca, Colombia) located at different altitudes (2560, 2640, 3143 m. a. s. l.). Measurements were made in four cycles in a period of eight months. The Bt was estimated by the least coefficient of variation method using a second order regression model and the model obtained was validated by the cross-validation method. The Bt values for the first, second, third and fourth leaf were 4.02, 3.68, 3.93, and 3.62 ° C, respectively. For the appearance of the first leaf, the kikuyu required more thermal time (TT) (97.5 accumulated growing degree days (AGDD)) than for the second (74.2 AGDD), third (73.8 AGDD) and fourth leaf (76.0 AGDD) (p<0.05). There were no differences in TT among farms (p> 0.05). There was a tendency to a greater number of days required to reach each leaf stage in the farm located at higher altitude and with lower mean temperature. The validation showed an adequate adjustment (r2 = 0.94) and a substantial concordance (CCC = 0.97) between the observed values and the predicted values for the estimated TT with the Bt value obtained for each leaf stage. The results of Bt for kikuyu grass obtained, will allow to make more precise predictions about the phyllochron and generate growth models close to reality.

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Use of Belowground Growing Degree Days to Predict Rooting of Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Populus

Silvae Genetica ◽

10.1515/sg-2004-0028 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 53 (1-6) ◽

pp. 154-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

R. S. Zalesny ◽

E. O. Bauer ◽

D. E. Riemenschneider

Keyword(s):

Populus Deltoides ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Growing Period ◽

Period 2 ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Total Dry Weight

Abstract Planting Populus cuttings based on calendar days neglects soil temperature extremes and does not promote rooting based on specific genotypes. Our objectives were to: 1) test the biological efficacy of a thermal index based on belowground growing degree days (GDD) across the growing period, 2) test for interactions between belowground GDD and clones, and 3) identify beneficial planting windows based on combinations of genotypes and belowground GDD. We tested two clones of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh (D133, D134) and four hybrid clones of P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii A. Henry (DM101, DM105, NC14105, NC14107). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in randomized complete blocks at 15- × 15-cm spacing across three planting dates during 1999 at Alexandria, Minnesota, USA (45.9°N, 95.4°W) and Fertile, Minnesota, USA (47.3°N, 96.2°W). Temperatures at 20 cm belowground were converted to GDD with a base temperature of 10°C. We measured root, top, and total dry weight, along with number of roots after 14 d of growth. Relatively warmer and cooler soil temperatures promoted rooting for the cottonwoods and hybrids, respectively. We recommend planting after reaching a threshold of 163 belowground GDD for P. deltoides clones and planting before reaching a threshold of 173 belowground GDD for P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii clones.

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Sexual ratio and floral biology of the dioecious Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) in a cerrado rupestre of central Brazil

Acta Botanica Brasilica ◽

10.1590/s0102-33062011000400006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 785-792 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Felipe Wanderley Amorim ◽

Clesnan Mendes-Rodrigues ◽

Pietro Kiyoshi Maruyama ◽

Paulo Eugênio Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Reproductive Biology ◽

Reproductive Strategy ◽

Pollen Viability ◽

Floral Biology ◽

Pollinator Limitation ◽

Dioecious Species ◽

Male And Female ◽

Pollination Success

Dioecy is characterized by a complete separation of sexual functions on male and female plants. It has evolved many times in flowering plants and is widespread among distinct Angiosperm families. It is viewed as a reproductive strategy to reduce endogamy, and to promote optimal resource allocation between male and female sexual functions. Neea theifera is a common species in Cerrado, neotropical savannas in Brazil, but information regarding its reproductive biology is still incomplete. In order to investigate how environmental conditions possibly affect this dioecious species, we studied its floral biology, sex ratio and spatial distribution of sexual morphs along a soil-altitudinal gradient. The sex ratio did not significantly deviate from the expected 1:1 ratio. However, flower abundance in the population was significantly biased towards staminate flowers. Female individuals were larger than male individuals and plant size was negatively correlated with altitude, but did not differ between sexual morphs. The population did not show spatial segregation of sexes and male individuals were sexually mature earlier than female ones. Staminate flowers were larger than pistillate flowers and presented high pollen viability. Meliponini bees, small flies and thrips were potential pollinators, but pollination success was very low. Dioecy in N. theifera corroborates many general features of this reproductive strategy, such as woody habit, inconspicuous flowers, pollination by small generalist insects and differential resource allocation between male and female plants. However, reproduction in this species seems to be impaired by pollinator limitation. The results showed that the soil-altitude gradient influenced the growth pattern of the species and may play an important role in its reproductive biology but did not affect dioecy directly.

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Floral biology of Sesbania virgata: an invasive species in the Agreste of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860201667402 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 871-878 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vênia Camelo de Souza ◽

Leonaldo Alves de Andrade ◽

Zelma Glebya Maciel Quirino

Keyword(s):

Pollen Viability ◽

Large Population ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Floral Biology ◽

Flower Morphology ◽

Invasion Success ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Different Types ◽

Sesbania Virgata ◽

Yellow Corolla

Abstract Although reproduction seems to play an important role in the successful invasive strategy of Sesbania virgata, its floral biology is poorly known. We aimed at filling this gap by studying the floral biology of a population of S. virgata in the Agreste of Brazil. Sesbania virgata is a shrub that bears racemose inflorescences. Its flowers are zygomorphic, pedunculate, hermaphrodite, and have a pale yellow corolla, diadelphous androecium, anthers with longitudinal dehiscence, and inconspicuous stigma. S. virgata flowers display three different types of petals: banner (11.92 mm), wing (8.27 mm), and keel (9.3 mm). The flowering peak occurred from November to January. The average number of pollen grains per flower was 22,918, with a pollen viability of 99.93%. Its anthesis is diurnal and asynchronous. Although S. virgata is autogamous, its pollen/ovule ratio suggests that this plant has a mixed reproductive system (xenogamy + autogamy). Continuous flowering, flower morphology, and specialized breeding system are essential to assure the reproductive success of this species in the studied habitat. Sesbania virgata is a food source for flower visitors, due to its continuous flowering and large population. Therefore, it has an effective reproductive strategy that assures its invasion success.

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Reproductive biology and pollination of Cabomba aquatica (Cabombaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/s2175-78602011000400017 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 919-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jacilene Bezerra da Silva ◽

Ana Virgínia de Lima Leite

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Biology ◽

High Frequency ◽

Pollen Viability ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Pollen Flow ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Nectar Production ◽

High Pollen ◽

Pollinator Behavior ◽

Effective Pollinators

Abstract Reproductive biology and pollination of the fanwort, Cabomba aquatica Aubl., were studied in populations from dams located in Dois Irmãos State Park, Recife, Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil. Flower anthesis in this species is diurnal and lasts two days. The flowers are bisexual and exhibit herkogamy and incomplete protogyny. Each flower produces an average of 2.1 ± 94.8 pollen grains, with a P/O ratio of 1.055 and high pollen viability (99.7%). This species is self-compatible, but requires biotic vectors to transfer pollen. We observed visits of bees (Apidae and Halictidae), wasps (Vespidae) and flies (Diptera) to the flowers. Bees and wasps were considered to be effective pollinators, both due to their behavior and their high frequency of visits to flowers, whereas flies were considered to be occasional pollinators. The floral mechanism (herkogamy and protogyny), together with low nectar production and pollinator behavior during visits, may contribute to increase pollen flow between individuals.

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