MAN-CITIZEN-INTELLECTUAL IN THE INTERPRETATION OF UKRAINIAN AND POLISH EMIGRATION ON THE PAGES OF “CULTURE” BY J. GIEDROYC

2019 ◽  
pp. 259-266
Author(s):  
Olesya Nakhlik
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Deforma Tion ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Post War ◽  
Human Intellect

The article is devoted to the elucidation of the points of view, considerations and discussions of Ukrainian and Polish emigrants from the circles united around the Parisian magazine “Culture” by J. Giedroyc on the deformation of a human-intellect- citizen in the Soviet totalitarian society. Immediately after its foundation, the well-known Polish emigration magazine “Culture” designated his pages as a place for the intellectual meetings of the authors describing the essence of Soviet totalitarianism, the importance of exposing illusions about the absence of the threat of sovietism to the countries of Western Europe, realizing that com- munism is in the same degree dangerous for European culture, as there was dangerous German Nazism before. First of all Polish and later Ukrainian intellectuals (writers, historians, publicists, journalists) focused their attention on reflections on the deforma- tion of the human-intellectualist-citizen in the totalitarian world. Articles by J. Ławrinenko, Julian Kardosz (E. Małaniuk), J. Sze- rech-Szewelow, Cz. Miłosz, G. Herling-Grudziński, J. Czapski and many other dissidents living in Western democracies, hold the necessary distance to look carefully at the methods of the Soviet repressive system and the effects of total propaganda. The research material consists of the texts of these authors from the post-war decade. Despite the fact that this is a relatively short moment in the decades-long dominance of the Soviet regime in a large part of European territories, even it reveals the scale of crimes committed against a man forced to live in the Soviet regime in the countries behind the Iron Curtain. Published in “Culture” texts belonging to various literary and non-literary genres show us the essence of totalitarianism existing in the homelands of their authors – it is total power over every citizen, manifesting from physical destruction (unjustified arrests, abductions, exiles to camps, shootings) to the spiritual humiliation by torture with the atmosphere of fear, terror, informing, uncertainty, indoctrination. The level of merciless means of maintaining this total power in Poland was somewhat weaker in comparison to Ukraine, but at the same time did not change its basic striving to suppress and eliminate any individual or collective opposition of the communist ideology. That is why it is particularly important to consider points of view, meditation and discussion of the Polish and Ukrainian perspectives on Soviet totalitarianism, its ideology, which has entered all aspects of human existence.

scholarly journals ANTON KARTASHEV AND THE POST-WAR REVIVAL OF THE ST. SERGIUS ORTHODOX THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN PARIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
A. V. Antoshchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Communication Analysis ◽  
East European ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Post War ◽  
Professional Contexts

The paper reveals the role of the famous church historian Anton Kartashev in the revival of the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris after the Second World War, as evidenced by the restoration of the number of students and professors. The sources for the article are published and archival materials stored in the Bahmetev Archive of Russian and East European Culture at Columbia University, USA. The research methodology is based on the principles of communication analysis of intellectual biography, considering its polycontextuality. The socio-political and professional contexts were chosen as significant ones. As a result of the study, the change in the national composition of students led to a metamorphosis of the mission of the institute, as the historian characterized it. From an educational institution where priests were trained for Russian emigrants who were forced to leave their homeland after the 1917 revolution, it turned into a pan-Orthodox educational center in Russian. The professor’s special contribution to the revival of the institute was in the search and implementation of opportunities for material and financial support of colleagues and students in the difficult post-war years and in the training of a young generation of the teachers. The article clarifies the motives for Anton Kartashev’s rejection of the actions of Metropolitan Evlogy (Georgievsky) to return Russian Orthodox parishes in Western Europe to the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. Considering such a step reasonable, he defined it in the specific conditions of international relations (the spread of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe) and the political situation in the USSR (the enslavement of the Russian Orthodox Church by the godless state) as an act of generating new schisms among Russian emigrants.

Remaking Education in Western Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Jones
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Important Objective

This article makes a contribution to discussion on the neo-liberal reshaping of education in Western Europe. It argues for a greater attentiveness on the part of education researchers to collective social actors such as trade unions and social movements. Making use of concepts from Gramsci and from Poulantzas, it suggests that such actors had a formative role in the making of post-war education systems, and that reducing their influence is now an important objective of governments across the European Union. Focusing on educational conflict in England, France and Italy, it explores the extent to which traditions associated with post-war reform continue to possess political vitality.

The foundations and prerequisites of imagology

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Valerii P. Trykov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Engineering ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The West ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Eu Project

The article examines the conceptual foundations and scientific, sociocultural and philosophical prerequisites of imagology, the field of interdisciplinary research in humanitaristics, the subject of which is the image of the “Other” (foreign country, people, culture, etc.). It is shown that the imagology appeared as a response to the crisis of comparatives of the mid-20th century, with a special role in the formation of its methodology played by the German comparatist scientist H. Dyserinck and his Aachen School. The article analyzes the influence on the formation of the imagology of post-structuralist and constructivist ideological-thematic complex (auto-reference of language, discursive history, construction of social reality, etc.), linguistic and cultural turn in the West in the 1960s. Shown is that, extrapolated to national issues, this set of ideas and approaches has led to a transition from the essentialist concept of the nation to the concept of a nation as an “imaginary community” or an intellectual construct. A fundamental difference in approaches to the study of an image of the “Other” in traditional comparativism and imagology, which arises from a different understanding of the nation, has been distinguished. It is concluded that the imagology studies the image of the “Other” primarily in its manipulative, socio-ideological function, i.e., as an important tool for the formation and transformation of national and cultural identity. The article identifies ideological, socio-political factors that prepared the birth of the imagology and ensured its development in western Humanities (fear of possible recurrences of extreme nationalism and fascism in post-war Europe, the EU project, which set the task of forming a pan-European identity). It is concluded that the imagology, on the one hand, has actualized an important field of scientific research — the study of the image of the “Other”, but, on the other hand, in the broader cultural and historical perspective, marked a departure not only from the traditions of comparativism and historical poetics, but also from the humanist tradition of the European culture, becoming part of a manipulative dominant strategy in the West. To the culture of “incorporation” into a “foreign word” in order to understand it, preserve it and to ensure a genuine dialogue of cultures, the imagology has contrasted the social engineering and the technology of active “designing” a new identity.

Education and Anti-Immigration Attitudes: Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Reforms across Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLOTTE CAVAILLE ◽  
JOHN MARSHALL
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Compulsory Schooling ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Secondary Schooling ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Immigration Attitudes ◽  
Post War

Low levels of education are a powerful predictor of anti-immigration sentiment. However, there is little consensus on the interpretation of this correlation: is it causal or is it an artifact of selection bias? We address this question by exploiting six major compulsory schooling reforms in five Western European countries—Denmark, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Sweden—that have recently experienced politically influential anti-immigration movements. On average, we find that compelling students to remain in secondary school for at least an additional year decreases anti-immigration attitudes later in life. Instrumental variable estimates demonstrate that, among such compliers, an additional year of secondary schooling substantially reduces the probability of opposing immigration, believing that immigration erodes a country’s quality of life, and feeling close to far-right anti-immigration parties. These results suggest that rising post-war educational attainment has mitigated the rise of anti-immigration movements. We discuss the mechanisms and implications for future research examining anti-immigration sentiment.

scholarly journals Rooting New European Literature: A Reconsideration of the European Myth of the Postnational and Cynical Cosmopolitanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylle Baumbach
Keyword(s):  
Literary Genres ◽  
European Literature ◽  
European Culture ◽  
European Values ◽  
Hybrid Genre ◽  
Founding Myth

This essay focuses on the question of what constitutes “new European” literature and explores the potential and pitfalls of concepts such as the “postnational” or “cosmopolitanism” and their impact on European and “new European” literature. Following a brief overview of what has been perceived as “old” versus “new” European literature, it looks back at Europe’s founding myth and Moschus’ image of Europa, more specifically Europa’s dream, to reconsider the cosmopolitanism of European literature and reflect upon both the continuous strife for the postnational and the question of emergence of “new” European literature. Providing a critical outlook with the regard to the promotion and proliferation of new European literature, this essay explores literary genres which seem particularly effective for communicating new European values ideas, especially concepts of transnationalism or cosmopolitanism that are often associated with European culture. In this context, the essay proposes the hybrid genre of the Menippeian satire as an inherently cosmopolitan and transnational genre, which is based upon the continuous crossing of borders without completely overcoming them, and can thus assist the “new European” agenda of literature.

scholarly journals Did Youth Destabilize Politics? Western European Social Democracies and Student Movements in «the Long Sixties»

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Ferhat
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Western European ◽  
Progressive Reforms ◽  
Post War ◽  
Democratic Parties

Student movements during «the Long Sixties» had a profound impact on Western politics and societies. One of the major political families in Western Europe, the social-democratic parties, were particularly affected. A major governmental force in a majority of Western European democracies, their post-war views on education, founded on optimistic and careful prospects (democratization of schools, progressive reforms) were destabilized by student protests and radicalism. How did social democrats react to the strong criticism of the universities, pedagogies and hierarchies in educational institutions that they had helped to build? This article is based on archives, documents and publications from the Socialist International, kept at the International Institute of Social History (Amsterdam), and on documents held by several national archives and libraries. It uses a transnational and interdisciplinary approach, linking political history and educational studies.

Islamophobia and the Challenges of Muslims in Contemporary Eropean Union Countries: Case Studies from Austria, Belgium, and Germany

Afkaruna ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Wildan ◽  
Fatimah Husein
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Almost All ◽  
European Union Member States

In the last two decades, the Muslim population in Western Europe has grown in unprecedented ways. At the broader regional level, there are approximately 25 million Muslims living in European Union member states as of 2016, which is estimated to increase to 35 million by 2050. The arrival of Muslims from various countries in the Middle East, Africa, and the Balkans has brought about significant changes and issues socially, economically, as well as politically. Undeniably, some phenomena of discrimination and Islamophobia arise in almost all EU countries in various aspects of public life such as hijâb clothing, building mosques, and housing. Using a qualitative approach and field research, this article explores not only the historical accounts of the presence of Islam in several EU countries, but also the relations between Islam and the state. This research presents several cases of discrimination and Islamophobia and the internal dynamics within the Muslim communities as to the challenges of living in completely different atmosphere. Three countries, namely Austria, Belgium, and Germany are chosen to represent European Union countries. This study contributes to the discourse on the integration of Muslims in European culture and to the way EU countries could involve Muslims in constructing European Islam.

Methodology of the research of the Transcarpathia Sovietization in 1944–1950

Rusin ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 223-239
Author(s):  
V.V. Mishchanyn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Historical Specificity ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Geographical Space

The article analyzes the modern methodology of the Transcarpathia Sovietization research in 1944–1950. Though there are individual (N. Makara, V. Mishchanyn) and collective monogrpahs (N. Makara, R. Ofitsinsky), it is too early to speak about a serious methodological base to present the causal links of this process. A better understanding of Sovietization in Transcarpathia requires studying the historical and geographical space. A contemporary researcher should go beyond the narrowed framework of the regional approach in the study of the Sovietization in Transcarpathia and compare its post-war transformations with those in Western Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic Republics, Central and Eastern Europe (A. Applebaum) using the methodology of comparative analysis. The epistemological approach employed by P.R. Magocsi can be used to study the historical specificity of the region with its multi-ethnicity, multiculturalism, multiconfessionality (S. Makarchuk). The Ukrainian emigration was rather critical of the post-war policy of the Soviet regime. In particular, V. Markus defines the entry of Transcarpathia into Soviet Ukraine as annexation. The Encyclopedia of Ukraine published in the 1950s and 1980s in Canada analyzes many aspects of Sovietization in the Ukrainian SSR. A contemporary researcher should clearly understand such concepts as “totalitarianism” (H. Arendt), “Sovietization”, “socialist version of modernization” (S. Gavrov), “transit”, “transformation”, etc. The article also points out some errors of scholars studying the problems of Sovietization in the region. Thus, the problem of Sovietization of Transcarpathia is still under development. Its multifaceted nature requires interdisciplinary approaches using the tools of history, economics, law, statistics, political science, social science, ethnology, and cultural studies.

DNA polymorphism of dogs (Canis familiaris L.). I. Origin, distribution of dogs in the light of molecular biological data about their mitochondrial and nuclear genomes

Biomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-308
Author(s):  
D.A. Chemeris ◽  
Yu.R. Giniyatov ◽  
R.R. Garafutdinov ◽  
A.V. Chemeris
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Dna Polymorphism ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Nuclear Genomes ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Mtdna Polymorphism

Information is given on the size and organization of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of dogs, including information on polymorphisms of some loci used to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of wolves and the first dogs, including hypotheses about the places of domestication of ancient now extinct wolves and the dates of these events. It is noted that the introduction of molecular biological methods in archaeology has allowed to obtain the principally new data on ancient wolves and dogs. Based on mtDNA polymorphism and nuclear DNA polymorphism, migration routes of already domesticated dogs together with humans have been tracked. The previously existing points of view about the origin of the first dogs in Western Europe, as well as in East Asia, have been supplemented in recent years by assumptions about the appearance of the first proto-dogs in Siberia.

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