Islamophobia and the Challenges of Muslims in Contemporary Eropean Union Countries: Case Studies from Austria, Belgium, and Germany

Afkaruna ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Wildan ◽  
Fatimah Husein
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Almost All ◽  
European Union Member States

In the last two decades, the Muslim population in Western Europe has grown in unprecedented ways. At the broader regional level, there are approximately 25 million Muslims living in European Union member states as of 2016, which is estimated to increase to 35 million by 2050. The arrival of Muslims from various countries in the Middle East, Africa, and the Balkans has brought about significant changes and issues socially, economically, as well as politically. Undeniably, some phenomena of discrimination and Islamophobia arise in almost all EU countries in various aspects of public life such as hijâb clothing, building mosques, and housing. Using a qualitative approach and field research, this article explores not only the historical accounts of the presence of Islam in several EU countries, but also the relations between Islam and the state. This research presents several cases of discrimination and Islamophobia and the internal dynamics within the Muslim communities as to the challenges of living in completely different atmosphere. Three countries, namely Austria, Belgium, and Germany are chosen to represent European Union countries. This study contributes to the discourse on the integration of Muslims in European culture and to the way EU countries could involve Muslims in constructing European Islam.

Understanding Suicide Terrorism

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
A. Speckhard
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Suicide Terrorism ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Single Region ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorist Groups

SummaryAs a terror tactic, suicide terrorism is one of the most lethal as it relies on a human being to deliver and detonate the device. Suicide terrorism is not confined to a single region or religion. On the contrary, it has a global appeal, and in countries such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan it has come to represent an almost daily reality as it has become the weapon of choice for some of the most dreaded terrorist organizations in the world, such as ISIS and al-Qaeda. Drawing on over two decades of extensive field research in five distinct world regions, specifically the Middle East, Western Europe, North America, Russia, and the Balkans, the author discusses the origins of modern day suicide terrorism, motivational factors behind suicide terrorism, its global migration, and its appeal to modern-day terrorist groups to embrace it as a tactic.

New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rekść
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Migration Crisis

In 2015, global public opinion was shaken by the migration crisis, as wave after wave of refugees from the Middle East, primarily from Syria, tried to get from Turkey and Greece to Western Europe via the so-called ‘Balkan Route’. In time, the situation only seemed to be resolved. In the Balkan countries, there still are, according to estimates, tens of thousands of migrants who failed to get farther west, and more are constantly arriving. Meanwhile, since 2018, one can speak of a new, though a much smaller wave of immigrants who are trying to get from Greece to Croatia (and thus to the European Union), increasingly often bypassing Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina along the way. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the phenomenon of the so-called ‘New Balkan Route’ and the problems it creates for the Balkans.

Russia and the “Printing Revolution”: Notes and Observations

Slavic Review ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Marker
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
European Culture ◽  
European Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Internal Evolution

In recent years the history of early printing in Western Europe has received renewed attention from scholars with an interest not only in elucidating the internal evolution of printing, but also in demonstrating the relevance of this development for history in general. Indeed, some historians of printing now argue that the advent of movable type was a major landmark of the centuries between the Renaissance and the French Revolution. This proposition has given rise to the still bolder hypothesis that a “printing” or “typographical” revolution visibly altered European culture in the post-Gutenberg era.While Western scholarship has directed considerable attention to printing in early modern Europe, the history of communications outside the West has gone relatively unnoticed. The failure to consider even those societies that stood on the periphery of European experience — Russia, Byzantium, the Balkans — is especially surprising since in many ways these societies were part of European culture. In the case of Russia, at least, the neglect of theoretical issues does not stem from a lack of published information, since the study of the Russian book has a long and rich past among Russian and Soviet bibliographers and literary historians.

scholarly journals Modernization mixed with nationalism

Balcanica ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 443-451
Author(s):  
Konstantin Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Balkan States

This essay reflects on a particular manner in which modernisation have taken place in the Balkans in modern history, from the 1878 Berlin Congress onwards. The Balkan countries faced twofold difficulties in their development: they had to overcome their backwardness stemming from the centuries of the Ottoman yoke and catch up with modern Western Europe, and resolve their numerous mutual territorial and political disputes. The latter task was especially difficult due to the constant interference in Balkan affairs on the part of Great Powers. This interference further aggravated nationalistic tensions between the Balkan states. The peculiar mixture of modernisation efforts and nationalism remains to this day when the entire region strives to join the European Union.

scholarly journals EXPORT OF RUSSIAN MANUFACTURES TO EU COUNTRIES: TENDENCIES, PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES

2013 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
I. A. Korobkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Tech ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Value Added Products

The modernization and specialization of the economy in hi-tech and high-value-added goods is the long term goal defined and set forward within the frame of Russian Federation 2020 Concept for the Social and Economic Development. According to the principles and clauses of the abovementioned document these high-tech and high-value-added products in the long run are intended to be exported to the European Union countries. For the foreseeable future EU will remain Russia’s key trade partner and moreover will play an immense and significant role for the integration of the Russian Federation in the international manufacturing and industrial processes. However, considering the high level of economic development of the EU countries and their strong positions in global exports of processed products including hi-tech goods, the export of the manufactures to the EU countries is quite a challenging task for Russia. Currently the manufactures that are supplied to the European Union mainly consist of semi-processed commodities, e.g., metals, diamonds and chemicals. Russian high-value-added products are exported to a limited number of partners; export volumes are comparatively moderate and volatile. However, some high-tech Russian products are successfully exported to the EU countries and meet growing demand from consumers from Central and Western Europe. The share of finished products and high-value-added goods exported to the Central and Eastern Europe slightly exceeds the EU average; the growing machinery and transport equipment sales are determined by an increased supply towards Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Czech Republic.

scholarly journals "My Heart's Anna"

Intersections ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pál Nyíri
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Nature Tourism ◽  
Small Segment ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
Chinese Tourists ◽  
European Union Member States

In Europe, youth volunteers are a small segment of a growing and increasingly diverse Chinese presence. Currently limited to Eastern Europe, including a handful in European Union member states such as Hungary and Poland, Chinese volunteers may later participate in domestic volunteering projects in Western Europe as well. As elsewhere, volunteering is linked to other ways of mobility. Studying abroad can be a stimulus to volunteering and vice versa; volunteering is typically accompanied by experiences of sightseeing and nature tourism that are shared with other young Chinese (tourists, students and expatriates). Yet it also represents a potentially new, more compassionate modality of engaging with the unfamiliar. This is significant against the background of the rapidly changing power relations between Europe and China, analyses of which often portray Europe as a hapless target of Chinese greed or manipulation.

scholarly journals Diversification of European Union Member States Due to the Production of Renewable Energy from Agriculture and Forestry

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Dorota Janiszewska ◽  
Luiza Ossowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Energy Change ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
European Union Member States

The main objective of this article is to discuss the diversity of European Union countries in terms of their production of renewable energy from agriculture and forestry. The analysis includes 28 EU countries. Figures come from 2013-2015. Diversification of European Union members was conducted using cluster analysis. The following diagnostic features were used for the analysis: production of renewable energy from agriculture, share of agriculture in production of renewable energy, change in the production of renewable energy from agriculture in 2013-2015, production of renewable energy from forestry, share of forestry in production of renewable energy, change in the production of renewable energy from forestry in 2013-2015. As a result of the cluster analysis examined regions were divided into five groups.

scholarly journals Minority Muslim Communities in Post-Bipolar Europe (Western Europe & the Balkans)

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Suha Taji-Farouki
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
British Council ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Royal Patronage ◽  
Sciences Humaines ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
The University

A conference on Minority Muslim Communities in Post-BipolarEurope (Western Europe & the Balkans), convened by the Centre forMiddle Eastern and Islamic Studies at the University of Durham (UK),was held at the Regency Palace Hotel in Amman at the invitation of theRoyal Academy for Islamic Civilisation Research (Al AIBait Foundation).It was funded largely by Jordanian governmental sources on the instructionof HRH Crown Prince Al-Hassan, who has a particular interest in theconference theme, and who extended his royal patronage to the event.Modest contributions towards expenses were also forthcoming from theWorld Assembly of Muslim Youth (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), and L'lnstitutEuropean des Sciences Huamines (Saint-Leger-de-Pougeret, France).Attended by some thirty-five researchers and activ-ists, this conferencewas the third in a series initiated by British academics. The first twowere held during 1993 in Skopje (FYROM) and Durham (UK), and weresponsored by the British Council and the Council of Europe. This one differedfrom its predecessors in a number of ways. For the first time. anattempt was made to provide a forum for exchange between Europeanresearchers in this field and their colleagues from the various EuropeanMuslim communities examined. An effort was also made to cut acrosssocial scientific, political, and human rights discourses.The conference was inaugurated by Suha Taji-Farouki (Centre forMiddle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham), the ConferenceConvener; Mani' al-Johani (Secretary-General, World A sembly ofMuslim Youth); Ahmad Maballah (Director of Academic Affairs,L'Institut European des Sciences Humaines); and by HRH Crown PrinceAl-Hassan, delivered on his behalf by HE Professor Nassir EI-Din ElAssad(President, Royal Academy for Islamic Civilisation Research, AlAIBait Foundation). Each speaker highlighted the importance and timelinessof the conference, in light of the USSR's and Yugoslavia's disintegrationand the growing strength of movements inimical to North African,Middle Eastern, and Asian Muslims in western Europe. Speakers alsopointed to the popular notion of a so-called civilizational conflict betweenIslam and the West, positing Europe's relations with its Muslim ...

scholarly journals Implementation of Sustainable Bioeconomy in European Union Countries: The Decomposition Analysis Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genovaite Liobikiene ◽  
Ričardas Krikštolaitis ◽  
Astrida Miceikienė
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Sustainability is highlighted in renewed European Union (EU) bioeconomy strategy. Sustainable bioeconomy requires improvement in the productivity level of bioresources, which is included in almost all national bioeconomy strategies. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to reveal how productivity (or conversely, intensity) level contributes to the changes in biomass extraction in all EU countries. Applying the IPAT approach, the results showed that in separate EU countries and analyzed periods, the changes in biomass extraction were different. During the period of economic growth (2000-2007) and transition (2008-2012), biomass extraction decreased in more than half of all EU countries. The decline of value added in the agriculture sector and/or reduction in biomass intensity level were the main determinants of these changes. Meanwhile, during the bioeconomy strategy period (2013-2018), the reduction of biomass extractions was observed in only 6 EU countries. During this period it was only in Greece, Italy and Malta that the productivity level of biomass offset the driving forces: economic and population growth. Meanwhile, in Estonia, Germany and Poland, despite the reduction of value added in the agriculture sector, the growth of the intensity level of biomass determined the increase in extraction of biomass. Therefore, this study showed that achievement of sustainable bioeconomy principles in the majority of EU countries remains a great challenge, and countries should make all efforts to enhance the productivity level of biomass.

Polen: Flüchtlingsnotstand – aber wo sind die Flüchtlinge?

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (140) ◽  
pp. 379-392
Author(s):  
Helmut Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Asylum Policy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Emergency Measures

Poland accepted the alien and asylum policy of the European Union. But what does it mean, in the face of the fact that most of the refugees don´t want to sojourn a lot of time in Poland, but want to join their families or friends in Western Europe? How the transfer of policies does work, if the local conditions are quite different than in Germany or France? The answer seems to be the dramatization of the refugee situation in Poland, especially the adoption of emergency measures towards refugees of Chechnya.

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