Biological factors in dental caries enamel structure and the caries process in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 2)

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hicks ◽  
Franklin Garcia-Godoy ◽  
Catherine Flaitz
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Enamel Structure ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Root Surfaces ◽  
Critical Ph

Dental caries is a complex disease process that afflicts a large proportion of the world's population, regardless of gender, age and ethnicity, although it does tend to affect more indivduals with a low socioeconomic status to a greater extent.The physicochemical properties of the mineral comprising the tooth surface and subsurface modulate the development, arrestment and remineralization of dental caries. Post-eruption maturation of enamel surfaces and exposed root surfaces is important in order for more susceptible mineral phases to be modified by incorporation of soluble fluoride from the plaque into dental hydroxyapatite. The chemical reactions that occur during acidic conditions when tooth mineral dissolves (critical pH) are determined by the supersaturation of calcium and phosphate within plaque and saliva, as well as if fluoride is present.

Biological factors in dental caries: role of saliva and dental plaque in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 1)

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hicks ◽  
Franklin Garcia-Godoy ◽  
Catherine Flaitz
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Phosphate Binding ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion

Dental caries is a complex disease process that afflicts a large proportion of the world's population, regardless of gender, age and ethnicity, although it does tend to affect more indivduals with a low socioeconomic status to a greater extent. The process of dental caries is dependent upon biological factors that are present within the saliva and dental plaque. There are many different agents within saliva and plaque that serve to protect the tooth surface against caries development. Salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, antimicrobial activity, microorganism aggregation and clearance from the oral cavity, immune surveillance, and calcium phosphate binding proteins all interact to inhibit or reverse demineralization of exposed tooth surfaces. Cariogenic bacteria levels within the saliva and plaque determine whether caries will occur or not, and the concentration in saliva and plaque are intimately related to the type of carbohydrate ingestion and the frequency of ingestion, as well as the oral hygiene practiced by the individual.

Biological factors in dental caries: role of remineralization and fluoride in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 3)

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hicks ◽  
Franklin Garcia-Godoy ◽  
Catherine Flaitz
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Low Levels

Dental caries is a complex disease process that afflicts a large proportion of the world, regardless of gender, age and ethnicity, although it does tend to affect more with a low socioeconomic status to a greater extent. Remineralization may be enhanced by providing low levels of calcium and phosphate, in conjunction with minimal amounts of fluoride. It is truly remarkable the difference that a very small amount of fluoride (<1ppm) has upon demineralization and remineralization. This is because fluoride acts as a catalyst and influences reaction rates with dissolution and transformation of various calcium phosphate mineral phases within tooth structure and resident within plaque adjacent to tooth surfaces. The incorporation of minimal amounts of fluoride into HAP yields FHAP that resists demineralization to similar level as FAP. New and emerging methods have been and are in the process of being developed. These hold great promise for preventing and reversing caries, especially in the one-fifth of the population that accounts for two-thirds of the caries experience. Still, the mainstay in caries prevention and remineralization is frequent exposure to low levels of fluoride. This may be accomplished with fluoridated toothpastes, supplemented with fluoride mouthrinses,CPP-ACP containing chewing gum and application of fluoride varnishes.The role of systemic fluorides appears to be limited and primarily has a topical effect.

Socio-demographic Determinants of Undernutrition In HIV- Infected Under- Five Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Sylvia T. Echendu ◽  
Ebelechuku F. Ugochukwu ◽  
Kenneth N. Okeke ◽  
Chinyere U. Onubogu ◽  
Joy C. Ebenebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Single Parents ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Advanced Hiv Disease

Background: The disease burden associated with HIV/AIDS is a key factor in the etiopathogenesis of undernutrition in growing children. This is aggravated by resultant social factors in HIV such as orphaning, low socioeconomic status, food insecurity, and marital status of caregivers. Objectives: The relationship between sociodemographic factors and malnutrition in the background of HIV was evaluated. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among under-five HIV positive children in Anambra State, Nigeria. Results: A total of 370 HIV positive under-five children comprising 208(56.2%) males and 162(43.8%) females were recruited. The mean age of the children was 44.5±12.9 months. One hundred and forty-seven (39.7%) were globally undernourished: 15.7.0% (58) underweight (WFA <-2SD), 13.3% (49) wasted (WFH < -2SD), and 27.9% (103) stunted (HFA <-2SD). Males were significantly more stunted than females (p<0.001). 77% (285) were of low socioeconomic class (SEC), 47.3% (175) had advanced HIV disease, and 68.1% (252) had been on HAART for >12 months. 26% (96) were orphans, while 28.6% (106) were cared for by single parents. Being on HAART for >12 months was associated with less undernutrition, while advanced HIV disease seemed to enhance it. Children of low SEC were more likely to be undernourished. Not having been breastfed, introduction of complementary feeds at age 3mo or less, poor food variety and suboptimal feeding frequency increased susceptibility to undernutrition. Orphans were more wasted and stunted than underweight. Single parenthood predisposed to undernutrition. Conclusions: HIV-infected children are vulnerable to malnutrition by virtue of the disease process, further compounded by interwoven social dilemma associated with HIV. It, therefore, behooves the health care provider to ensure a proactive growth monitoring and nutritional support, with prompt treatment of co-morbid debilitating infections. There is also a dire need for public health interventions targeted at single parents of low socioeconomic means.

scholarly journals Biological and cultural drivers of oral microbiota in Medieval and Post-Medieval London, UK

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Farrer ◽  
J. Bekvalac ◽  
R. Redfern ◽  
N. Gully ◽  
K. Dobney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

AbstractThe trillions of microorganisms that live in association with the human body (microbiota) are critical for human health and disease, but there is a limited understanding of how cultural and environmental factors shaped our microbiota diversity through time. However, biomolecular remnants of the human oral microbiota - recovered from the calcified dental plaque (calculus) of our long-dead ancestors - are providing a new means of exploring this key relationship of our evolutionary history. Here, we correlate extensive experimental, archaeological, and biological metadata with 128 ancient dental calculus specimens from Medieval and Post-Medieval London, UK (1066 – 1853 CE). We identify a significant association between microbiota and oral geography (i.e. tooth type and tooth surface), which has confounded ancient microbiota studies to date. By controlling for oral geography, however, we identify the first associations between ancient microbiota and cultural and environmental signatures. We find significant links between ancient British microbiota structure and health, including skeletal markers of stress that may reflect low socioeconomic status. Furthermore, this study provides baseline data to explore factors that drive microbiota differentiation within and between ancient populations and highlights the potential of ancient microbiota to infer detailed health and sociocultural information about the past.

DENTISTRY IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Paul K. Losch ◽  
Charles L. Boyers
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Dental Decay ◽  
Early Theory ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Health ◽  
Free Environment

IT SEEMS only proper to begin this discussion with a few words about dental decay. Certainly in view of the prevalence of this disease, it deserves recognition as one of the great health problems. The study of dental caries as a disease process has received a striking amount of attention in the past few years, yet we are forced to go back to an early theory of the etiology of this disease in order to discuss it intelligently. Many years ago a theory was proposed in which it was stated that bacteria, with their enzyme systems working on a substrate of fermentable carbohydrate found primarily in plaques upon the smooth surfaces of teeth, lead to the decalcification of the mineral portion of the tooth. The theory also stated that the organic material is then destroyed by proteolysis. Much of the work which has been done in the field of caries since the time of this proposal has borne out the soundness of the original theory. But certainly we cannot regard dental caries as such a simple and straightforward disease. As a matter of fact, we know that dental caries is an extremely complex disease and each new area of research merely emphasizes this point. For instance, we know that dental caries cannot arise without bacteria being present. This has been demonstrated in the experiments with animals raised in a germ-free environment in which it has been shown conclusively that no caries occurs. To further elucidate the picture, we also know from the experiments of Shaw and Kite that animals fed by stomach tube will not develop dental decay.

scholarly journals The Association between Sense of Coherence and Dental Caries in Low Social Status Schoolchildren

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Tomazoni ◽  
Mario Vianna Vettore ◽  
Fausto Medeiros Mendes ◽  
Thiago Machado Ardenghi
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Psychosocial Factor ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Southern City

The relationship between dental caries and sense of coherence (SOC) has not been substantiated in children and adolescents, particularly among those with a low socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between SOC and dental caries in schoolchildren from a low socioeconomic background. A random sample of 356 8- to 14-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in public schools from the poorest region of Santa Maria, a southern city in Brazil, was selected. Dental examinations were performed to assess dental plaque and dental caries (DMF-S and dmf-s indexes). The children’s SOC was assessed using a validated Brazilian version of the SOC-13 scale. Socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral data were collected from parents using a questionnaire. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis was used following a hierarchical approach to investigate the association between the SOC and DMF-T + dmf-t mean. Children whose mothers had studied for 8 years or less (RR 1.30; 95% CI 1.08–1.57) and children with dental plaque (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.06–1.58) presented with higher DMF-T scores than their counterparts (p < 0.05). A higher household income (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51–0.84) and greater SOC scores (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.90) were associated with lower DMF-T in children (p < 0.05). Children’s SOC seems to be a relevant protective psychosocial factor for dental caries experience in socially vulnerable children.

scholarly journals Dental caries in three-year-old preschool children in Lima, Peru assessed according to the CAST instrument.

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
Eraldo Pesaressi ◽  
Rita Villena ◽  
Ewald Bronkhorst ◽  
Jo Frencken
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Child Health Clinic ◽  
Carious Lesions ◽  
Examination Time

The aim of this study was to determine the caries situation of three-year-old preschool children residing in low socioeconomic status districts in Lima, Peru. The study is a crosssectional analysis of the caries situation of suburban areas of Lima. A stratified sampling procedure by geographical distribution, considering healthcare centers with a motherand- child health clinic and surrounding preschools as factors, identified 45 randomly selected preschools, of which 17 accepted to participate. Children from 3-year-old classrooms were examined by two independent calibrated dentists using the Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) instrument at their premises using artificial light, sterile examination mirrors and gauze for drying each tooth before evaluation. ANOVA and the Tamhane method were used to analyze the data. 308 children, mean age 3.4 years (min: 3 years; max: 3 years, 7 months), were examined. The sample prevalence of enamel and dentine carious lesions (CAST code 3-7) was 91.2% while the prevalence of dentine carious lesions (CAST code 4-7) was 58.8%. The mean number of teeth with cavities that had reached the pulp and those that had an abscess or fistula were 2.0% and 0.5% respectively. The majority of enamel and dentine carious lesions were observed in molars. The CAST severity score was 7.0. Mean examination time was 57 seconds. The burden of dental caries of the children at this young age was high.

Association of Oral Health Literacy and School Factors with Untreated Dental Caries among 12-Year-Olds: A Multilevel Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
Érick Tássio Barbosa Neves ◽  
Ana Flávia Granville-Garcia ◽  
Laio da Costa Dutra ◽  
Cristiane Baccin Bendo ◽  
Fernanda de Morais Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Oral Health Literacy ◽  
School Factors ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Dental Appointment ◽  
Untreated Dental Caries

Dental caries are a global health problem that affects all age groups and must be considered a public health priority due to its significant financial costs and impact on the quality of life. This study evaluated the association between oral health literacy (OHL), school factors, and untreated dental caries in 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents using a multilevel approach. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out with 740 adolescents randomly selected from private and public schools in Campina Grande, Brazil. Two dentists were trained and calibrated to diagnose dental caries using the Nyvad index and OHL using the Brazilian Rapid Estimate of Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30). The caregivers of the adolescents reported demographic data (sex, skin color, and socioeconomic status). Data of school factors such as the type of school and the school grade retention rate were classified through a 2-step hierarchical cluster analysis to obtain the school environment. A robust multilevel log-linear negative binomial regression for complex samples was performed (p < 0.05). In the analysis, adjusted by individual determinants, nonwhite skin color (RR = 2.20; 95% CI 1.56–3.12), a low socioeconomic status (RR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.09–2.34), a low OHL score (RR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.91–0.98), and low satisfaction with the last dental appointment (RR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.67–3.04) were associated with untreated dental caries. The following factors remained associated with untreated dental caries in the final model: students from an unfavorable learning environment (RR = 2.20; 95% CI 1.27–3.80), nonwhite skin color (RR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.27–2.91), a low socioeconomic status (RR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.12–2.94), a low OHL score (RR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.91–0.98), and low satisfaction with the last dental appointment (RR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.47–2.91). Untreated dental caries in early adolescence were impacted by the school environment, the socioeconomic status, OHL, and the adolescent’s satisfaction with the last dental appointment.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Survey on Edentulousness

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Simhachalam Reddy ◽  
Nallala Amarendra Reddy ◽  
R Narendra ◽  
Sashi Deepth Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Clinically Significant

ABSTRACT India has a large geriatric population of 77 millions, comprising 7.7% of its total population. One of the major handicaps in the elderly is loss of teeth, affecting their mastication, dietary intake and nutritional status. Aims and objectives The present study was planned to assess the level of edentulousness, cause of edentulousness, denture wearing and denture needs of the middle and elderly in the society and study was correlated between habits and socioeconomic variables, diet and body mass index (BMI). Materials and methods A total of 500 subjects (random sampling) from dental outpatient were studied. A prepared questionnaire was developed, explained, interviewed and questions were filled personally. Results The level of edentulousness was found to be high in the subjects with low socioeconomic status and in advancing age with no significant difference between male and females. Another finding was very low level of denture wearing of 62% needing complete denture and partial denture only 10.4% of subjects wearing dentures. Mixed diet population had higher level of edentulousness compared with vegetarians. The BMI was correlated with level of edentulousness. Conclusion The study clearly showed that there is lack of dental awareness, so dental education and motivation in very important. The study concludes that the need for prosthodontics care will increase due to the increase in life span. This study is clinically significant with regard to knowing the root cause of edentulism, either partial or complete. Out of 62% tooth loss, dental caries (37.4%) topped the cause for tooth loss followed by combination of dental caries and periodontal disease (12.2%). How to cite this article Reddy NS, Reddy NA, Narendra R, Reddy SD. Epidemiological Survey on Edentulousness. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(4):562-570.

scholarly journals Dental caries in Uruguayan adults and elders: findings from the first Uruguayan National Oral Health Survey

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1663-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Licet Álvarez ◽  
Judith Liberman ◽  
Soledad Abreu ◽  
Carolina Mangarelli ◽  
Marcos B. Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dental Services ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Using Data

This study aimed to assess dental caries status and associated factors in Uruguayan adults and elders using data from the first Uruguayan National Oral Health Survey. Data were representative of the country as a whole. Socio-demographic information was collected with a closed questionnaire. Dental caries was assessed by clinical examination using the DMFT index. The final sample consisted of 769 participants. Mean DMFT was 15.20 and 24.12 for the 35-44 and 65-74-year age groups, respectively. Mean number of decayed teeth was 1.70 in adults and 0.66 in elders. Multivariate analyses showed higher prevalence of dental caries associated with age 65-74 years, low socioeconomic status, use of public dental services, presence of gingivitis; for decayed teeth, age 35-44 years, low socioeconomic status, use of public dental services, infrequent tooth brushing, need for oral health care, and presence of root caries showed higher severity. Uruguayan adults and elders from disadvantaged backgrounds concentrated a heavier burden of dental caries.

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