Institute of public debt in The UK: formation and development of legal regulation

Lex Russica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Uk

Funding Pensions in Scotland: Would Independence Matter?

2014 ◽  
Vol 227 ◽  
pp. R21-R31
Author(s):  
David Bell ◽  
David Comerford ◽  
David Eiser
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
Liquidity Premium ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Scottish Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

Economic issues will be key determinants of the outcome of the Scottish referendum on independence. Pensions are a key element of the economic case for or against independence. The costs of funding pensions in an independent Scotland would be influenced by mortality risks, the costs of borrowing and the segmentation of costs and risks (i.e. pricing to Scotland's experience rather than pooled across UK experience). We compare the overall costs of providing pensions in an independent Scotland against the resources that are available to cover these costs. Scotland has worse mortality experience than the UK as a whole, and Scottish government debt is likely to attract a liquidity premium relative to UK government debt. An independent Scottish government would have to create a bond market for public debt. The liquidity premium would make pensions cheaper to buy, but taxpayers or the consumers of public services would have to pay the cost.

28. Competition Law: Article 102

EU Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1126-1162
Author(s):  
Paul Craig ◽  
Gráinne de Búrca
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Eu Competition Law ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Article 102 Tfeu ◽  
Number Of Firms

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter focuses on another principal provision concerned with competition policy: Article 102 TFEU. The essence of Article 102 is the control of market power, whether by a single firm or, subject to certain conditions, a number of firms. Monopoly power can lead to higher prices and lower output than would prevail under more normal competitive conditions, and this is the core rationale for legal regulation in this area. Article 102 does not, however, prohibit market power per se. It proscribes the abuse of market power. Firms are encouraged to compete, with the most efficient players being successful. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning EU competition law and the UK post-Brexit. EU law

Features of legal regulation of the state debt of the Russian Federation subject in the context of changes in budget legislation

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
Iu. K. Tsaregradskaya
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
The State ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Public Debt Management ◽  
Definition Of

The main changes in the budget legislation related to digitalization and public debt managementof the Russian Federation, that are manifested in the functioning of the electronic budget of the state and the consolidation of the legal definition of "public debt management", are considered. The author concludes that currently the legislator pays special attention to the issues of setting the upper limit of public debt, the maximum amount of borrowing by the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as determining the debt sustainability of regions. Foreign experience of regulating such issues is analyzed on the example of a number of countries-Germany, Spain and Italy. Subjects of the Russian Federation with different debt loads are considered, as well as trends related to its increase or change. Also the possibilities of assigning the region to one of the groups with a certain level of debt stability of the subject are analyzed.

scholarly journals Legal regulation of UK science parks

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Tetiana Postryhan
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Science Parks ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Technology Parks ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
The Uk

Key words: science park, science, legal regulation, high technologies, innovation,benefits, taxes The article reveals important legal aspects of the UK science parks, the creation and operation of scienceand technology parks in Great Britain. The author considers the legislation of GreatBritain on the activities of science and technology parks, technological innovations,tax and other benefits. The author traces the development of legislation governing theactivities of science parks in Great Britain. Innovative structures, their features areconsidered. An analysis of research by scientists on state and legal regulation of highereducation, research institutions, science parks. The author examines the Government'spolicy on the development of the scientific and technical sector of the economyby supporting and encouraging innovation in the scientific and technical sector andthe Question of the Great Britain Science Parks. The UK provides significant governmentsupport to science parks, fosters cooperation and dialogue between industry andacademia in the field of innovation and high technology. In this matter, the state directlyfunds research partnerships between industry and basic science. The statestrategy includes, in particular, the application of direct tax benefits for companiesthat interact with universities to implement high technology, research and development,tax benefits in the field of depreciation, as well as through financial and technicalsupport of leading universities and public laboratories, grants and grants.The author notes the important role in the development of innovation policy in theUK plays the creation of information support for innovation.The author has analyzed the legislation in the field of providing tax-compliant pilgrimsfor education and distribution. Legislation in the field of supply of taxable pilgrimsfor additional and retail outlets is stored alongside a number of regulatory legalacts, the main ones being:• Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988;• Finance Act 2000;• Finance Act 2002.The author examines the executive authorities that implement state policy tostimulate the development of research and development. The author identifies thatthe UK is creating numerous innovation centers. The article emphasizes that of particularinterest are the model contracts proposed by the Ministry, aimed at the transferor use of ownership of the results of intellectual activity in the field of innovation.The author states that the British model of state support for innovation can be usefulin shaping public policy and creating a legal framework for regulating legal relationsin the field of innovation and the interaction of universities with business to implementresearch and development and high technology.

scholarly journals Financially-legal regulation of basic public debt management in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
A. B. Byla
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Financial Activity ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Public Debt Management ◽  
Definition Of

This article is devoted to the consideration of some issues related to the legal regulation of the main methods of public debt management in Russia in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. In the course of the study, the features of the external and internal debt of the Russian Federation are highlighted, various approaches to the definition of this category are considered, and some aspects of legal regulation in this area are analyzed. It is determined that the norms of financial law regulate a whole and diverse set of public relations related to the implementation of borrowing both in the domestic and foreign markets, and it is necessary to comprehensively regulate this institution. In conclusion, it is concluded that the coronavirus pandemic has greatly affected all aspects of financial activity, the state had to resort to additional borrowing on the domestic market to eliminate the consequences of the pandemic. Based on this, we need a well-thought-out strategy for the development of legislation in this area at all levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation. 

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Legal Regulation of the Use of Genomic Technologies in Embryology and Artificial Fertilization in the UK

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
S. A. Vasiliev ◽  
S. Kh. Sarmanaev ◽  
S. S. Zenin ◽  
A. Yu. Shirokov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Human Fertilisation ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
Human Fertilization ◽  
Artificial Fertilization ◽  
Genomic Editing ◽  
The Uk

The development of modern medicine is based on the development of high-tech treatment methods. One of such methods includes the application of genomic research that in Russia is not inferior, but in many ways superior to the achievements of Western scientists. However, legal regulation, or rather lack of such regulation in our state prevents comprehensive application of advanced techniques in practice. In order to solve this issue, it becomes relevant to study the experience of foreign countries in order to take into account their flaws and gaps in legal regulation to deal with the debate over problems that may be associated with the application of advanced techniques. The paper considers the use of genomic technologies in the UK in the field of embryology and artificial fertilization as one of the most open areas for genomic editing in modern medicine. The paper elucidates the issue of obtaining and withdrawal (revoking or suspending) of the license by organizations that provide medical services in the field of embryology and artificial human fertilization. The authors also deal with the issue of the formation of specialized bodies, e.g. appeals committees in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Department, dealing with narrow issues. The authors have chosen legal regulation of the issue under consideration in Britain because it appears to be the most liberal regulation as compared with the regulation applied in the other States and even under international law. This, in turn, creates grounds for fears, disputes and discussions in the expert community, which is also of particular interest to the forthcoming Russian law-making and law enforcement. For the purposes of the study, the authors analyze the provisions of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act in terms of their applicability both in the UK and in Russia and examine expert opinions regarding the issues under consideration. Based on the work done, the authors propose to implement the model of legal regulation under which both children who appeared as a result of genomic editing and donors are to be informed of the application of this method.

Security and privacy of adolescents in social applications and networks: legislative aspects and legal practice of countering cyberbullying on example of developed and developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghandour ◽  
Viktor Shestak ◽  
Konstantin Sokolovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Social Applications

Purpose This paper aims to study the developed countries’ experience on the cyberbullying legal regulation among adolescents, to identify existing shortcomings in the developing countries’ laws and to develop recommendations for regulatory framework improvement. Design/methodology/approach The authors have studied the state regulatory practice of the UK, the USA, Canada, Malaysia, South Africa, Turkey, UAE and analyzed the statistics of 2018 on the cyberbullying manifestation among adolescents in these countries. Findings The study results can encourage countries to create separate cyberbullying legislation and periodically review and modify already existing legislation. Originality/value The study provides a list of the recommendations to regulate cybercrime in developing countries and prevent it as well. The results may contribute to creating laws related to the regulation of cyberbullying in countries where such legislation does not exist yet or existing regulatory legal acts do not bring the expected results, namely, in Post-Soviet countries and other developing countries of the world.

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