Otorhinolaryngological contusions in mine-explosive injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Gorokhov ◽  
Vasily G. Mironov ◽  
Alexei N. Kasatkin ◽  
Naima N. Baytemirova ◽  
Ksenia Yu. Koroleva
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Conservative Therapy ◽  
Combat Trauma ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Hearing Acuity ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Auditory Disorders ◽  
Special Case

Modern trends in the conduct of military conflicts dictate their own characteristics of the formation of the size and structure of sanitary losses of the otorhinolaryngological profile. Combat trauma to the organ of hearing is characterized not only by an increase in the total number of sanitary losses, but also by various features of the course of the wound process. The organ of hearing, with the development of weapons, becomes an increasingly unprotected and vulnerable area of impact of mine explosive weapons. However, such important characteristics as treatment, duration, and outcomes of ear, throat, and nose contusions are not sufficiently presented for adequate organization of medical support. Otorhinolaryngological contusions were considered in the total mass of contusion sanitary losses with a predominance of closed brain injury and often without taking into account otorhinolaryngological contusions. Victims completed treatment in separate medical battalions, hospitals and wards for the lightly wounded. The number of injured by shrapnel and concussion increases with the use of explosive weapons, due to an increase in associated wounds. The experience of the Great Patriotic War showed that otorhinolaryngological shell-shocked patients in frequency account for about 32.5% of all shell-shocked, therefore, in 67.5% of the remaining shell-shocked otorhinolaryngological contusions were concomitant, the main manifestation of the trauma was a closed brain injury. Otorhinolaryngological shell-shocked patients are a special case of general contusion or concussion-contusion syndrome from the direct impact of a sharp drop in air pressure during explosions. The leading manifestation of otorhinolaryngological contusion syndrome is vestibular and auditory disorders, decreased hearing acuity with a whole eardrum, which occurred in all victims. There were also neurological abnormalities such as short-term loss of consciousness, dizziness, fading nystagmus, stuttering, etc., which subsided a few days after the start of conservative therapy.

scholarly journals Psychotropic and pain medication use in individuals with traumatic brain injury—a Swedish total population cohort study of 240 000 persons

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-527
Author(s):  
Yasmina Molero ◽  
David James Sharp ◽  
Brian Matthew D'Onofrio ◽  
Henrik Larsson ◽  
Seena Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Pain Medication ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pain Medications ◽  
Before And After

ObjectiveTo examine psychotropic and pain medication use in a population-based cohort of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and compare them with controls from similar backgrounds.MethodsWe assessed Swedish nationwide registers to include all individuals diagnosed with incident TBI between 2006 and 2012 in hospitals or specialist outpatient care. Full siblings never diagnosed with TBI acted as controls. We examined dispensed prescriptions for psychotropic and pain medications for the 12 months before and after the TBI.ResultsWe identified 239 425 individuals with incident TBI, and 199 658 unaffected sibling controls. In the TBI cohort, 36.6% had collected at least one prescription for a psychotropic or pain medication in the 12 months before the TBI. In the 12 months after, medication use increased to 45.0%, an absolute rate increase of 8.4% (p<0.001). The largest post-TBI increases were found for opioids (from 16.3% to 21.6%, p<0.001), and non-opioid pain medications (from 20.3% to 26.6%, p<0.001). The majority of prescriptions were short-term; 20.6% of those prescribed opioids and 37.3% of those with benzodiazepines collected prescriptions for more than 6 months. Increased odds of any psychotropic or pain medication were associated with individuals before (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.59 to 1.65), and after the TBI (OR: 2.30, 95% CI: 2.26 to 2.34) as compared with sibling controls, and ORs were consistently increased for all medication classes.ConclusionHigh rates of psychotropic and pain medications after a TBI suggest that medical follow-up should be routine and review medication use.

HISTORICAL MEMORY OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR IN THE COMMENTS OF «VKONTAKTE» SOCIAL NETWORKUSERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
V.O. BEKLIAMISHEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Network Communities ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Rfbr Grant ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Opinion Polls

The purpose of the article is to identify the degree of presence of the Great Patriotic War theme in the network discourse and to analyze the attitude of users to the main events, personalities and forms of commemoration of this conflict. The research methodology is based on the interdisciplinary approach «Predictor Mining», which involves the analysis of Internet content for the sake of users’ behavior markers identification. The 10 largest news communities «VKontakte» (29 286 352 com-ments), as well as 7 political ones, representing the entire ideological spectrum (2 684 135 com-ments) are considered. The interim conclusions are supported by the representative opinion polls data, but its discussion is characterized by a high degree of involvement and emotional saturation. Commentators' historical perceptions are generally poor and stereotyped. The research is imple-mented at the expense of the RFBR grant «Constructing historical memory of military conflicts in network communities: basic narratives, the types of identity, political risks», project № 19-011-00833 A.

scholarly journals They Arrived Completely Intact: The Evacuation of Chersonese Museum Collections to Sverdlovsk

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Mokhov ◽  
Andrey Shamanaev ◽  
Karina Kapsalykova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Museum Exhibits ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Public Organisations ◽  
The Military

This article considers the emergency evacuation of the collections of the Chersonese Historical and Archaeological Museum from Sevastopol to Sverdlovsk during the Great Patriotic War, between September and December 1941. The authors analyse some issues concerning the preparation and transportation of the museum collection and the interaction between state structures and cultural institutions in wartime conditions. The study is based on unpublished archival materials from the funds of the State Archive of Sverdlovsk Region and the Documentation Centre of Public Organisations of Sverdlovsk Region. The study of problems connected with saving cultural heritage during military conflicts is relevant considering the threat of local wars in the modern world. At present, military actions pose serious risks of the destruction, damage, and illicit transfer of museum exhibits. The authors employ the historical and anthropological approach, paying a great deal of attention to the historiography of the issue of cultural heritage preservation during the Great Patriotic War. The experience of evacuating heritage collections from the Chersonese Museum is both unique and typical. One hundred and eight crates of artifacts, books, and archival documents were sent from Sevastopol to Sverdlovsk, accompanied by a single employee of the museum, S. F. Strzelecki. Owing to his effort, the priceless collection was successfully delivered to the rear. Most problems faced during the emergency evacuation of the Chersonese collections related to the deficit of material resources, rapid changes in the situation at the front, inefficient interaction between the bodies of power, academic and cultural institutions, and deficiencies in the transportation system. The authors argue that during the early stages of the Great Patriotic War, the conditions in the military and cultural spheres posed a significant threat to the preservation of cultural heritage. There were no mobilisation plans for museums and the authorities failed to assess the real risks of wartime. Taking these factors into account should help diminish the threat of cultural heritage loss during military conflicts.

scholarly journals Decoding accelerometry for classification and prediction of critically ill patients with severe brain injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhayu Bhattacharyay ◽  
John Rattray ◽  
Matthew Wang ◽  
Peter H. Dziedzic ◽  
Eusebia Calvillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Severe Brain Injury ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Functional States

AbstractOur goal is to explore quantitative motor features in critically ill patients with severe brain injury (SBI). We hypothesized that computational decoding of these features would yield information on underlying neurological states and outcomes. Using wearable microsensors placed on all extremities, we recorded a median 24.1 (IQR: 22.8–25.1) hours of high-frequency accelerometry data per patient from a prospective cohort (n = 69) admitted to the ICU with SBI. Models were trained using time-, frequency-, and wavelet-domain features and levels of responsiveness and outcome as labels. The two primary tasks were detection of levels of responsiveness, assessed by motor sub-score of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCSm), and prediction of functional outcome at discharge, measured with the Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended (GOSE). Detection models achieved significant (AUC: 0.70 [95% CI: 0.53–0.85]) and consistent (observation windows: 12 min–9 h) discrimination of SBI patients capable of purposeful movement (GCSm > 4). Prediction models accurately discriminated patients of upper moderate disability or better (GOSE > 5) with 2–6 h of observation (AUC: 0.82 [95% CI: 0.75–0.90]). Results suggest that time series analysis of motor activity yields clinically relevant insights on underlying functional states and short-term outcomes in patients with SBI.

scholarly journals Burden, Predictors and Short-Term Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury Among Patients Admitted to Ugandan Intensive Care Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Agnes Wabule ◽  
Kavuma Arthur Mwanje ◽  
Daniel Obua ◽  
Janat Tumukunde ◽  
Jane Nakibuuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Short Term

scholarly journals The Dose-dependent Dual Effects of Corticosterone on Spatial Memory Ability After Traumatic Brain Injury Are Mediated by Two Corticosteroid Receptor Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Mengshi Yang ◽  
Qiongyu Yan ◽  
Xiaojian Xu ◽  
Fei Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Neurotoxic Effects ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Background: Our recent studies reported the opposite effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on neuron survival after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, as a mixed agonist for MR and GR, whether short term use of high-dose endogenous glucocorticoids exerts neurotoxic effects by excessive activation of GR, what is the set-point, and the possible signaling pathways remain unclear. This study examined the dose-dependent dual effects of corticosterone (CORT) on the spatial memory, the survival of hippocampal neurons and the possible receptor-mediated downstream signaling pathways after TBI.Methods: Based on controlled cortical impact (CCI) and CORT treatments, Sprague-Dawley rats (n=168) were randomly divided into the sham, CCI, CCI + CORT1 (0.3 mg/kg), CCI + CORT2 (3 mg/kg), CCI + CORT3 (30 mg/kg), CCI + CORT1 + spirolactone (spirolactone: 50 mg/kg/d), and CCI + CORT3 + RU486 (RU486: 50 mg/kg/d) groups. Brain tissues were collected on postinjury day 3 and processed for histology and western blot analysis.Results: On postinjury day 3, we tested the learning and memory ability, neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, activation levels of MR and GR, Bcl-2 family proteins, and apoptosis-related intracellular signaling pathways. We found that different doses of CORT exhibited dual effects on the survival of hippocampal neurons and the spatial memory. Lower doses of CORT (0.3, 3 mg/kg) significantly increased the activation of MR, upregulated the phosphorylation of Akt/CREB/Bad and the Bcl-2 expression, reduced the number of apoptotic neurons, and subsequently improved the spatial memory. In contrast, higher dose of CORT (30 mg/kg) exerted opposite effect by over activating GR, upregulating the expressions of P53/Bax, and inhibiting the Erk/CREB activities. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a threshold between the neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of endogenous GC, higher dose of which, even for short-term use, should also be avoided after TBI.

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