scholarly journals THE PROBLEMS OF THEORETIC NEUROLOGY: INFORMATION-COMMUTATIVE THEORY OF HUMAN BRAIN AND PRINCIPLES OF ITS FUNCTIONING

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
A S Bryukhovetskiy
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Multilevel Structure ◽  
Communicative Theory ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Commutative Theory ◽  
First Time

The article summarizes contemporary scientific concepts of brain organization and structure. For the first time we developed information principles of brain functioning and the basics of information communicative theory of brain. Here we demonstrate that information commutative organization (ICO) of brain has multilevel structure of open type represented by the block of information capture and transfer (BICT) and the block of information processing (BIP). BICT is a switchboard with information dispatcher and router in nervous tissue (NT). BICT has system vertical and complex horizontal commutation. Brain ICPs are presented as interthecal information registers (ITIRs) that provide extraneural information processing in subarachnoid space (SAS) and subdural space (SDS) above brain. The arcs of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes close in SAS extraneurally when electro-magnetic waves (EMWs) of cortical ICM subscribers are reflected from the arachnoid mater and information is automatically sent to ICM receivers of brain cortex (reflectory ITIRs). Information processing (analysis, synthesis, calculations) is based on dissipation of EMWs of cortical NT ICMs in SAS and SDS cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) forming support and object EMWs, which, being reflected from the arachnoid or dura mater form holograms of information images matrixes (IIMs) by interference, diffraction and superimposition while IIMs are the basics of brain cognitive functions (cognitive ITIRs). The theory of brain can become a new milestone in the development of therapies of nervous diseases, neuromorphic computation, innovative systems of artificial intellect and novel approaches to brain-computer interface.

scholarly journals Self-Paced (Asynchronous) BCI Control of a Wheelchair in Virtual Environments: A Case Study with a Tetraplegic

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Leeb ◽  
Doron Friedman ◽  
Gernot R. Müller-Putz ◽  
Reinhold Scherer ◽  
Mel Slater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate for the first time that brain waves can be used by a tetraplegic to control movements of his wheelchair in virtual reality (VR). In this case study, the spinal cord injured (SCI) subject was able to generate bursts of beta oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG) by imagination of movements of his paralyzed feet. These beta oscillations were used for a self-paced (asynchronous) brain-computer interface (BCI) control based on a single bipolar EEG recording. The subject was placed inside a virtual street populated with avatars. The task was to “go” from avatar to avatar towards the end of the street, but to stop at each avatar and talk to them. In average, the participant was able to successfully perform this asynchronous experiment with a performance of 90%, single runs up to 100%.

scholarly journals Identifying a possible stratification phenomenon in ionospheric F2 layer using the data observed by the DEMETER satellite: method and results

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuying Wang ◽  
Dehe Yang ◽  
Dapeng Liu ◽  
Wei Chu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Langmuir Probe ◽  
Geomagnetic Equator ◽  
Density Data ◽  
Demeter Satellite ◽  
Summer Hemisphere ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Altitudes

Abstract. Many studies have revealed the stratification phenomenon of the topside ionospheric F2 layer using ground-based or satellite-based ionograms, which can show direct signs of this phenomenon. However, it is difficult to identify this phenomenon using the satellite-based in situ electron density data. Therefore, a statistical method, using the shuffle resampling skill, is adopted in this paper. For the first time, in situ electron density data, recorded by the same Langmuir probe aboard the DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emission Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite at different altitudes, are analyzed, and a possible stratification phenomenon is identified using the proposed method. Our results show that the nighttime stratification, possibly a permanent phenomenon, can cover most longitudes near the geomagnetic equator, which is not found from the daytime data. The arch-like nighttime stratification decreases slowly on the summer hemisphere and thus extends a larger latitudinal distance from the geomagnetic equator. All results, obtained by the proposed method, indicate that the stratification phenomenon is more complex than what has previously been found. The proposed method is thus an effective one, which can also be used in similar studies of comparing fluctuated data.

scholarly journals An Experimenter's Influence on Motor Enhancements: The Effects of Letter Congruency and Sensory Switch-Costs on Multisensory Integration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla Barutchu ◽  
Charles Spence
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Incidental Findings ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
First Time ◽  
Testing Room

Multisensory integration can alter information processing, and previous research has shown that such processes are modulated by sensory switch costs and prior experience (e.g., semantic or letter congruence). Here we report an incidental finding demonstrating, for the first time, the interplay between these processes and experimental factors, specifically the presence (vs. absence) of the experimenter in the testing room. Experiment 1 demonstrates that multisensory motor facilitation in response to audiovisual stimuli (circle and tone with no prior learnt associations) is higher in those trials in which the sensory modality switches than when it repeats. Those participants who completed the study while alone exhibited increased RT variability. Experiment 2 replicated these findings using the letters “b” and “d” presented as unisensory stimuli or congruent and incongruent multisensory stimuli (i.e., grapheme-phoneme pairs). Multisensory enhancements were inflated following a sensory switch; that is, congruent and incongruent multisensory stimuli resulted in significant gains following a sensory switch in the monitored condition. However, when the participants were left alone, multisensory enhancements were only observed for repeating incongruent multisensory stimuli. These incidental findings therefore suggest that the effects of letter congruence and sensory switching on multisensory integration are partly modulated by the presence of an experimenter.

Normalization Principles in Computational Neuroscience

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenway Louie ◽  
Paul W. Glimcher
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Computational Neuroscience ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Information Coding ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior

A core question in systems and computational neuroscience is how the brain represents information. Identifying principles of information coding in neural circuits is critical to understanding brain organization and function in sensory, motor, and cognitive neuroscience. This provides a conceptual bridge between the underlying biophysical mechanisms and the ultimate behavioral goals of the organism. Central to this framework is the question of computation: what are the relevant representations of input and output, and what algorithms govern the input-output transformation? Remarkably, evidence suggests that certain canonical computations exist across different circuits, brain regions, and species. Such computations are implemented by different biophysical and network mechanisms, indicating that the unifying target of conservation is the algorithmic form of information processing rather than the specific biological implementation. A prime candidate to serve as a canonical computation is divisive normalization, which scales the activity of a given neuron by the activity of a larger neuronal pool. This nonlinear transformation introduces an intrinsic contextual modulation into information coding, such that the selective response of a neuron to features of the input is scaled by other input characteristics. This contextual modulation allows the normalization model to capture a wide array of neural and behavioral phenomena not captured by simpler linear models of information processing. The generality and flexibility of the normalization model arises from the normalization pool, which allows different inputs to directly drive and suppress a given neuron, effectively separating information that drives excitation and contextual modulation. Originally proposed to describe responses in early visual cortex, normalization has been widely documented in different brain regions, hierarchical levels, and modalities of sensory processing; furthermore, recent work shows that the normalization extends to cognitive processes such as attention, multisensory integration, and decision making. This ubiquity reinforces the canonical nature of the normalization computation and highlights the importance of an algorithmic framework in linking biological mechanism and behavior.

Neural imprints of national brands versus own-label brands

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Paulo Marques dos Santos ◽  
Marisa Martins ◽  
Hugo Alexandre Ferreira ◽  
Joana Ramalho ◽  
Daniela Seixas
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structures ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Brands ◽  
Real Market ◽  
Brand Information ◽  
First Time ◽  
Buying Decisions

Purpose This paper aims to explore brain-based differences in national and own-label brands perceptions. Because price is a differentiating characteristic, able to discriminate between national and own-label brands, its influence is also studied. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the Save Holdings Or Purchase (SHOP) task with functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the differences in brain functioning for national versus own-label branded products. Findings For the same product, the higher priced national brands and the lower priced own-label brands lead to more buying decisions. It is also found that there are brain structures that are more active/deactive for national than for own-label brands, both marked with real market prices. Price is a powerful driver of buying decisions and has its neural correlates. Parietal regions activate when brand information is subtracted from brand-plus-price information. The most surprising finding is that visual and visual associative areas are involved in the contrasts between branded products marked with switched prices and marked with real market prices. Originality/value The activation/deactivation brain patterns suggest that accepted models of brain functioning are not suitable for explaining brand decisions. Also, to our knowledge, this is the first time that a study directly addresses the brain’s functioning when subjects are stimulated with national versus own-label brands. It paves the way for a new approach to understanding how such brand categories are perceived, revealing the neural origins of the associated psychological processes.

Brain Responses to Stimuli in Disorders of Information Processing

1973 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 501-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne T. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Neurological Differences ◽  
Specific Learning

An approach to neurological study in children with learning disabilities is presented in which specialized measures of brain functioning are related to specific learning processes. Brain responses to stimuli in children with difficulty processing those stimuli were compared to responses of normal children. The latencies of the response components were significantly longer in the children with learning disabilities. Amplitudes of some components were significantly larger. These results suggest the possible nature of the neurological differences in children with learning disabilities and offer approaches to remediation.

First-Time Leaders and Implicit Leadership Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Steven Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Implicit Leadership ◽  
Implicit Leadership Theory ◽  
Implicit Leadership Theories ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

First-time leaders may find themselves thrust into very stressful situations for their teams and organizations at large. First-time leaders in corporations, the classroom, sports, the military, and politics should understand how stress changes the way followers perceive their leader and the ideal traits for a leader through changing leadership prototype schemas. Implicit leadership theories, social information processing, and cognitive psychology suggest that stress can influence the activation of schema. Changing leadership prototype schemas of followers may affect subsequent productivity and efficiency. This chapter examines if leadership prototype schemas change under stress and recommends ways first-time leaders can respond to these changing schemas, including how female first-time leaders who are often initially perceived as more sensitive leaders can utilize changing perceptions and ideal leader prototypes under stressful conditions.

scholarly journals Synchronization of optical photons for quantum information processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. e1501772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenzo Makino ◽  
Yosuke Hashimoto ◽  
Jun-ichi Yoshikawa ◽  
Hideaki Ohdan ◽  
Takeshi Toyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Optical Photons ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
First Time

A fundamental element of quantum information processing with photonic qubits is the nonclassical quantum interference between two photons when they bunch together via the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect. Ultimately, many such photons must be processed in complex interferometric networks. For this purpose, it is essential to synchronize the arrival times of the flying photons and to keep their purities high. On the basis of the recent experimental success of single-photon storage with high purity, we demonstrate for the first time the HOM interference of two heralded, nearly pure optical photons synchronized through two independent quantum memories. Controlled storage times of up to 1.8 μs for about 90 events per second were achieved with purities that were sufficiently high for a negative Wigner function confirmed with homodyne measurements.

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