scholarly journals The use of interferon inducers in the comprehensive treatment for the prevention of tick-borne viral encephalitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Sergey L. Kazakovtsev ◽  
T. V Sologub ◽  
V. V Tsvetkov
Keyword(s):  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Immunoglobulin Preparations ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

The use of immunoglobulin preparations for the postexposure prevention of tick-borne encephalitis as the main therapeutic and prophylactic agent fails to have enough high efficiency. For the postexposure prevention and treatment of tick-borne viral encephalitis the use of preparation tioloroin seems to be appropriate. Objective. To determine the expedience of the use of the preparation tiloron for the emergency prevention of tick-borne viral encephalitis and to evaluate its effectiveness in the treatment of patients with febrile and meningeal forms of this infection. Materials and Methods. The evaluation ofpost-exposure prophylaxis of tick-borne was carried out in two groups of individuals (each group was consisted of 100 cases), suffered from the suction of ticks infected by encephalitis virus. Both groups sought for medical help in the first 48 hours after the moment of the tick suction. None of the victims has not been vaccinated against the disease and had no serological markers of infection. According to existing regulations, patients in both groups received post-exposure prophylaxis antiviral tick immunoglobulin in the standard dose. Patients of the second group additionally received an interferon inducer drug tiloron. For the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the drug tiloron there was executed the analysis of clinical and laboratory picture of verified tick-borne viral encephalitis in 40 patients treated at "Republican Hospital for Infectious Diseases" of the city of Syktyvkar in the period from 2010 to 2015. There were studied the dynamics of clinical symptoms, haematological and biochemical markers, CSF, certain immunological indices: CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, IgM and IgG. For the comparative assessment of the effectiveness of treatment, all the examined patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the clinical diagnosis and ongoing taken causal treatment. Results. Among the patients received post-exposure prophylaxis with inclusion of the preparation tiloron, the disease developed significantly less often, without the formation offocal forms. The use of tiloron in combination therapy reduced the duration of main clinical manifestations in patients with febrile and meningeal forms of the disease, contributed to a more rapid rehabilitation of cerebrospinal fluid, recovery of subpopulations of T-lymphocytes. Conclusions. Immunomodulating inductor tiloron is effective in complex treatment and prevention of tick-borne viral encephalitis.

scholarly journals In Vivo Efficacy of SYN023, an Anti-Rabies Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail, in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Animal Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Yuan Chao ◽  
Shou-feng Zhang ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Eric Tsao ◽  
Charles E. Rupprecht
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Rabies immune globulin (RIG) is an indispensable component of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) because it provides passive immunity to prevent this otherwise inescapably fatal disease in Category III exposed patients. Even with decades of development, RIG products are still criticized for their high cost, lot-to-lot variation, and potential safety issues. They remain largely unattainable in most developing regions of the world, where demand is highest. In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have become widely accepted as safer and more cost-effective alternatives to RIG products. As an example, SYN023 is a 1:1 cocktail of two humanized anti-rabies MAbs previously shown to display extensive neutralizing capabilities. Here, we further assessed the efficacy of SYN023 in animal models of rabies, and found that SYN023 afforded protection equal to a standard dose of human RIG (HRIG) at 0.03 mg/kg in Syrian hamsters and 0.1 mg/kg in beagles. Potential interference with vaccine-induced immunity was analyzed for the MAbs at these concentrations. While individual MAbs did not interfere with vaccine response, SYN023 at dosages of 0.1 mg/kg and above resulted in reduced neutralizing antibody titers similar to HRIG. Thus, the in vivo characterization of SYN023 supports its utility in human rabies PEP as an efficacious alternative to RIG products.

Low awareness and use of post-exposure prophylaxis among adolescents and young adults in South Africa: implications for the prevention of new HIV infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Mohammed Sanusi Yusuf ◽  
Elmon Mudefi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Ntombana Rala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Study of sharp injuries and blood splash exposures among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Bangalore

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Sivananjiah Pradeep ◽  
Suman Gadicherla Raghu ◽  
Prathab A G ◽  
Banashankari G Rudresh ◽  
Radhika Kunnavil
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Sharps Injury ◽  
Sharps Injuries

The working environment of healthcare workers (HCW) exposes them to sharp injuries. This communication attempts to examine the injury registers, incidence of sharps injuries and blood splash exposures, and the post-exposure prophylaxis status of employees in a tertiary care hospital. Analysis included records form 54 locations of two units of a tertiary hospital attached to a Medical College. Maintenance of the injury register overall was highly satisfactory in both units. Two hundred and nine injuries were recorded from both units of the hospital. The majority of injuries (60.5%) occurred in the age group of 20-30 years with 70% among females. Waste handlers were at increased risk during waste management procedures. Thirty two percent of sharps injury injuries occurred in wards. Of the ward nursing staff, 25.3% received sharps injuries. Post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B (primary dose) was given to 25 HCWs; 11 received booster doses. The basic regimen for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis was given to 4 HCWs. Awareness about records maintenance, regular documentation, awareness and training, and implementation of appropriate preventive measures can reduce the incidence of injuries. Key words: Sharps, injury register, Health care workers (HCW),Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

scholarly journals 986. Improvement in Administration of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in the Emergency Department Following Sexual Assault

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S521-S522
Author(s):  
Jennifer R Silva-Nash ◽  
Stacie Bordelon ◽  
Ryan K Dare ◽  
Sherrie Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Assault Victims ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Background Nonoccupational post exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) following sexual assault can prevent HIV transmission. A standardized Emergency Department (ED) protocol for evaluation, treatment, and follow up for post assault victims was implemented to improve compliance with CDC nPEP guidelines. Methods A single-center observational study of post sexual assault patients before/after implementation of an ED nPEP protocol was conducted by comparing the appropriateness of prescriptions, labs, and necessary follow up. A standardized order-set based on CDC nPEP guidelines, with involvement of an HIV pharmacist and ID clinic, was implemented during the 2018-2019 academic year. Clinical data from pre-intervention period (07/2016-06/2017) was compared to post-intervention period (07/2018-08/2019) following a 1-year washout period. Results During the study, 147 post-sexual assault patients (59 Pre, 88 Post) were included. One hundred thirty-three (90.4%) were female, 68 (46.6%) were African American and 133 (90.4%) were candidates for nPEP. Median time to presentation following assault was 12.6 hours. nPEP was offered to 40 (67.8%) and 84 (95.5%) patients (P< 0.001) and ultimately prescribed to 29 (49.2%) and 71 (80.7%) patients (P< 0.001) in pre and post periods respectively. Renal function (37.3% vs 88.6%; P< 0.001), pregnancy (39.0% vs 79.6%; P< 0.001), syphilis (3.4% vs 89.8%; P< 0.001), hepatitis B (15.3% vs 95.5%; P< 0.001) and hepatitis C (27.1% vs 94.3%) screening occurred more frequently during the post period. Labratory, nPEP Prescription and Follow up Details for Patients Prescribed nPEP Conclusion The standardization of an nPEP ED protocol for sexual assault victims resulted in increased nPEP administration, appropriateness of prescription, screening for other sexually transmitted infectious and scheduling follow up care. While guideline compliance dramatically improved, further interventions are likely warranted in this vulnerable population. Disclosures Ryan K. Dare, MD, MS, Accelerate Diagnostics, Inc (Research Grant or Support)

scholarly journals Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in Germany-what are the challenges?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
P Meyerhoff ◽  
S Manekeller ◽  
N Saleh ◽  
C Boesecke ◽  
S Schlabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Delayed rabies post-exposure prophylaxis treatment among Dutch travelers during their stay abroad: a comprehensive analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loes Verdoes ◽  
Floriana S Luppino ◽  
Jacco Wallinga ◽  
Leo G Visser
Keyword(s):  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Travel Destination ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Associated Injury ◽  
Immune Globulins ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Sample Characteristics ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract Background After an animal-associated injury (AAI) in rabies-endemic regions, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is needed to prevent infection.1,3 PEP consist of rabies vaccinations (RV) and in some cases also additional rabies immune globulins (RIG). Not always PEP medication, and RIG in particular, is accessible. Along with an increased number of exposure notifications among Dutch travelers, this might lead to treatment delay, and thus to increased health risks. Until now, research mainly focused on factors associated with exposition, but none on which factors are associated with PEP delay. This study aimed to identify which general sample characteristics are associated with PEP delay while being abroad. Methods A quantitative retrospective observational study was conducted. The study population consisted of insured Dutch international travelers who actively contacted their medical assistance company (2015-2019) because of an animal-associated injury (AAI) (N = 691). The association between general sample characteristics and delay of different PEP treatments was studied using survival analysis. Results Travelers without PrEP had an increased hazard, and therefore a shorter delay, for receiving their first RV as compared to travelers with PrEP (HR:1.11, 95%CI:1.01-1.22). The travelers needing both RV and RIG had a decreased hazard, and therefore a longer delay, as compared to travelers only needing RV (HR:0.81, 95%CI:0.67-0.96). General sample characteristic associated with RIG administration delay was travel destination. Travelers to Central and South America, East Mediterranean and Europe had a decreased hazard, and therefore a longer delay, for receiving RIG treatments relative to travelers to South East Asia (HR:0.31, 95%CI:0.13-0.70; HR:0.34, 95%CI:0.19-0.61; HR:0.46, 95%CI:0.24-0.89; HR:0.48, 95%CI:0.12-0.81 respectively). Conclusions Our results suggest that the advice for PrEP should be given based travel destination, as these was found to be the main factor for PEP delay, among travelers going to rabies endemic countries.

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