scholarly journals Everyday business activity of Orenburg post-reform merchants engaged in trade at fairs

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
Konstantin Alekseevich Abdrakhmanov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
To Receive ◽  
At Home

The paper examines specifics of the business activity of Orenburg merchants during the post-reform era in the area of trade at fairs. The paper analyzes the conditions of this branch of commerce, including how comfortable the premises used for trade were, what features the nature and climate of Orenburg Region had, how the goods reached the consumer and what the internal atmosphere of major All-Russian fairs was. The study reveals the attitude of provincial entrepreneurs of the Great Reform period towards seasonal itinerant trade within their region. The narrowness of the domestic market, the difficulty of transporting goods by horse-drawn transport, the periodic cycle of operation of fairs, which didnt allow merchants to receive profits consistently, and the lack of comfortable retail outlets were the reasons why Orenburg merchants eventually abandoned intraregional seasonal trade. Since the 1880s, active construction of railways began throughout the empire, which made the Nizhny Novgorod Fair one of the centers of the empires commercial life, more available to the provincial merchants, and Orenburg entrepreneurs continued to visit it in the first decade and a half of the 20th century. However, one of the main reasons why merchants were interested in traveling to the Nizhny Novgorod Fair was the fact that all sorts of entertainment and pleasures were available at the fair, which were more difficult to enjoy at home due to family and marital obligations. The source base of the study consists of documents from the archives of Orenburg and Chelyabinsk Regions that reflect the problems of organizing fairs during the post-reform period.

scholarly journals Major trends in the development of business activity in Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century (the case of Minsk)

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr V. Burachonak
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The article provides analysis of major directions of entrepreneurship development in Minsk in late 19th – early 20th century, showcases dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in industry and trade. The paper uncovers level of credit business development as well as institutional changes in the economic life of Minsk in the post-reform period. The conclusions reveal influence of modernisation processes on the development of business activity in Minsk in the late 19th – early 20th century.

MATERIAL SUPPORT FOR POOR CLERGY, WIDOWS AND ORPHANS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY (based on the materials of the Central Black Earth eparchies)

2018 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Sergey Anatolevich IKONNIKOV
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Parish Clergy ◽  
To Receive

In the post-reform period of Russian history, the material security of the parish clergy was one of the most discussed problem. Clergymen and prominent public figures noted that standard of living of the clergy had to be improved. Donations for private services were unstable and led to conflicts between clergymen and believers. But despite difficulties in material security of regular clergymen, the provision of poor priests and deacons was even worse. Dismissed for health reasons or old age clerics had no sources of income as well as widows and orphans. They could hope either for the help of their relatives, or for the activity of diocese charity organizations. On the basis of archival and published sources we analyze contribution of the Central Black Earth eparchies charity organizations to improvement of material security of the clergy in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. We come to a conclusion that eparchial charity organizations did not have sufficient material resources to help poor clerics, widows and orphans. However, the clergy, because of their poverty, were happy to receive even the smallest donations.

Association of advance care planning with place of death and utilisation of life-sustaining treatments in deceased patients at Taipei City Hospital in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2020-002520
Author(s):  
Yung-Feng Yen ◽  
Ya-Ling Lee ◽  
Hsiao-Yun Hu ◽  
Wen-Jung Sun ◽  
Ming-Chung Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Advance Care Planning ◽  
Place Of Death ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Taipei City ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
Eol Care ◽  
To Receive ◽  
At Home

ObjectiveEvidence is mixed regarding the impact of advance care planning (ACP) on place of death. This cohort study investigated the effect of ACP programmes on place of death and utilisation of life-sustaining treatments for patients during end-of-life (EOL) care.MethodsThis prospective cohort study identified deceased patients between 2015 and 2016 at Taipei City Hospital. ACP was determined by patients’ medical records and defined as a process to discuss patients’ preferences with respect to EOL treatments and place of death. Place of death included hospital or home death. Stepwise logistic regression determined the association of ACP with place of death and utilisation of life-sustaining treatments during EOL care.ResultsOf the 3196 deceased patients, the overall mean age was 78.6 years, and 46.5% of the subjects had an ACP communication with healthcare providers before death. During the study follow-up period, 166 individuals died at home, including 98 (6.59%) patients with ACP and 68 (3.98%) patients without ACP. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities, patients with ACP were more likely to die at home during EOL care (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.71, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.35). Moreover, patients with ACP were less likely to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.51) as well as intubation and mechanical ventilation support (AOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.67) during the last 3 months of life.ConclusionPatients with ACP were more likely to die at home and less likely to receive life-sustaining treatments during EOL care.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

Suspiria

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Heller-Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Horror Films ◽  
American Museum ◽  
Moving Image ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

As one of the most globally recognisable instances of 20th-century Eurohorror, Dario Argento's Suspiria (1976) is poetic, chaotic, and intriguing. The cult reputation of Argento's baroque nightmare is reflected in the critical praise it continues to receive almost 40 years after its original release, and it appears regularly on lists of the greatest horror films ever. For fans and critics alike, Suspiria is as mesmerising as it is impenetrable: the impact of Argento's notorious disinterest in matters of plot and characterisation combines with Suspiria's aggressive stylistic hyperactivity to render it a movie that needs to be experienced through the body as much as through emotion or the intellect. For its many fans, Suspiria is synonymous with European horror more broadly, and Argento himself is by far the most famous of all the Italian horror directors. If there was any doubt of his status as one of the great horror auteurs, Argento's international reputation was solidified well beyond the realms of cult fandom in the 1990s with retrospectives at both the American Museum of the Moving Image and the British Film Institute. This book considers the complex ways that Argento weaves together light, sound and cinema history to construct one of the most breathtaking horror movies of all time, a film as fascinating as it is ultimately unfathomable.

scholarly journals In Vitro Re-Hardening of Bleached Enamel Using Mineralizing Pastes: Toward Preventing Bacterial Colonization

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Scribante ◽  
Claudio Poggio ◽  
Simone Gallo ◽  
Paolo Riva ◽  
Antonella Cuocci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Home Agent ◽  
Vickers Hardness Number ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Hardness Values ◽  
At Home

The search for materials able to remineralize human hard tissues is a modern medical challenge. In this study, the protective effect on the enamel microhardness by a paste based on hydroxyapatite and sodium fluoride (Remin Pro) was evaluated after two different enamel bleaching procedures. Forty sound human incisors were randomly assigned to different treatments: bleaching with an in-office agent (Perfect Bleach Office+); bleaching with an at-home agent (Perfect Bleach); bleaching with the in-office agent followed by the prophylaxis paste; bleaching with the at-home agent followed by the prophylaxis paste; no treatment (control). Bleaching was performed at 0, 8, 24 and 32 h, followed by a 3-min re-mineralizing treatment in the subgroups designed to receive it. Specimens underwent a micro-hardness tester and a mean Vickers Hardness number was considered for each specimen. ANOVA exhibited significant differences among groups. Post-hoc Tukey testing showed significant micro-hardness decrease after the application of both the two bleaching agents. The treatment with prophylaxis paste significantly increased the micro-hardness values of bleached enamel.

Learning at home: What preschool children’s parents do and what they want to learn from their children’s teachers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1476718X2097132
Author(s):  
Susan Sonnenschein ◽  
Michele Stites ◽  
Rebecca Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Preschool Teachers ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Mathematics Development ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Children's Reading ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Children’S Reading ◽  
At Home ◽  
Reading And Mathematics

This study investigated the beliefs parents of preschoolers ( N = 126) have for facilitating their children’s reading and mathematics development. The study used an online survey distributed via social media to examine parents’ views of their children’s home-based reading and mathematics engagement, parents’ confidence to support their children’s reading and mathematics development, and the information they received and would like to receive from their children’s teachers. The results demonstrated three patterns: (1) parents prioritized children’s reading over their mathematics development, (2) the difference in children’s reported engagement in such activities may come from parents lacking confidence in how to foster their children’s mathematics skills, and (3) almost two/thirds of the parents wanted to receive more information from their children’s teachers, typically about children’s progress and activities and apps to do with their children at home. Preschool teachers play an important role in supporting home learning of reading and mathematics. Preschool teachers and parents need to collaborate on home-based activities that support such learning. We have demonstrated that even highly educated parents may lack the confidence to support their young children’s academic growth, particularly in mathematics, and so the support teachers provide to parents is critical.

Creating the Past: Schelling’s Ages of the World

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Welchman ◽  
Judith Norman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hegelian Dialectic ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Receive

AbstractF.W.J. Schelling’s Ages of the World has just begun to receive the critical attention it deserves as a contribution to the philosophy of history. Its most significant philosophical move is to pose the question of the origin of the past itself, asking what “caused” the past. Schelling treats the past not as a past present (something that used to be a ’now’ but no longer is) — but rather as an eternal past, a different dimension of time altogether, and one that was never a present ’now’. For Schelling, the past functions as the transcendental ground of the present, the true ’a priori’. Schelling’s account of the creation of this past takes the form of a theogeny: in order to exist, God needed to separate the past from the present. By grounding the creation of the past in a free decision of God, Schelling tries to conceptualize temporality so as to preserve the sort of radical contingency and authentic freedom that he considers essential features of history. In so doing, he opens up a way of viewing time that avoids the pitfalls of the Hegelian dialectic and anticipates some of the 20th century developments in phenomenology.

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