scholarly journals Women’s Reproductive Empowerment: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Females in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezo Alishah ◽  
Jila Ganji ◽  
Rezaali Mohammadpour ◽  
Zahra Kiani ◽  
Zohreh Shahhosseini
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Health Care Centers

Objectives: Women’s reproductive empowerment is an essential issue for good reproductive health which is affected by various socioeconomic and cultural factors. This study was designed to compare women’s reproductive empowerment in urban and rural areas. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical and correlational-type study, 810 women referring to health care centers in Sari were recruited through proportional cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire on women’s reproductive empowerment including cultural, individual-family, social, and family planning domains. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of women’s reproductive empowerment score was 91.46±13.14 (a 95% CIof 90.55-92.36) and no statistical difference was observed between the urban and rural women in this respect (P = 0.59). In addition, cultural and family planning domains obtained the highest 29.12 (5.80) and the lowest 17.55 (4.25) scores concerning reproductive empowerment, respectively. Therefore, women’s reproductive empowerment score was significantly correlated with the females’ employment status (P = 0.006) and their husbands’ levels of education (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Overall, the finding contributes to the discourse on women’s reproductive empowerment based on their residential area and thus adds to the limited literature on this issue in developing countries and Iran, in particular. Therefore, appropriate planning is required for women with various employment statuses and their spouses with different educational levels in order to improve their empowerment in terms of reproductive issues.

scholarly journals Revisit the correlates of infant mortality in Bangladesh: findings from two nationwide cross-sectional studies

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e045506
Author(s):  
Md Mahabubur Rahman ◽  
Tasnim Ara ◽  
Sultan Mahmud ◽  
Nandeeta Samad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Infant Survival ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to investigate how the direction and strength of the association between infant mortality and its predictors are changing over time in Bangladesh using a nationally representative sample for the period 2011–2014.Design, setting and participantsData from two repeatedly cross-sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHSs) for the years 2011 and 2014 were used. A total of 7664 (with 312 infant death) and 7048 (with 264 infant death) complete cases, respectively, from BDHS 2011 and 2014 datasets were included in the study.MethodsCox’s proportional hazard model with robust standard error (SE) that adjusts for the complex survey design characteristics was implemented to assess how the risk factors associated with infant mortality change their paths.ResultsResults reflected that administrative division remained as a potential risk factor of infant death for both periods. Household’s socioeconomic status, father’s employment status, age difference between parents turned out to be potential risk factors in 2014, though they did not show any significant association with infant death in the year 2011. In contrast to 2011, mothers’ individual-level characteristics such as age at childbirth, education, media exposure, employment status did not remain as significant risk factors for infant death in 2014. Younger fathers increased the burden of death among infants of adolescent mothers. At higher order births, the burden of infant death significantly shifted from rural to urban areas. From the year 2011 to 2014, urban areas achieved socioeconomic equity in infant survival, while the extent of inequity was increased in rural areas.ConclusionCommunity-based programmes should be designed for urban mothers who are expecting higher order births. To eradicate the socioeconomic inequity in infant survival, the government should design strong and sustainable maternal and child healthcare facilities, especially for rural areas.

scholarly journals Employment status and other predictors of mental health and cognitive functions in older Croatian workers

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Adrijana Košćec Bjelajac ◽  
Jasminka Bobić ◽  
Jelena Kovačić ◽  
Veda Marija Varnai ◽  
Jelena Macan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Higher Education ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Numerical Abilities ◽  
Good Mental Health ◽  
Employment Education

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine mental health and cognitive functions in older Croatian workers (50–65 years) taking into account their employment status, self-assessed health, and a set of demographic characteristics. We analysed the data collected on 650 older workers (71 % employed) in the Wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Unemployed workers reported symptoms of loneliness more often than the employed, while in rural areas unemployment was additionally associated with more pronounced symptoms of depression. Feeling of loneliness was also higher in those living without a partner in the household and in those with poorer health. In urban residents symptoms of depression were more severe in women, respondents with higher education, those living without a partner, and those who rated their health as poorer. As for cognitive functions, unemployment significantly predicted poorer subtraction in the rural subsample. Women in general showed less efficient numerical abilities. In the urban subsample poorer numerical abilities were also associated with lower education and living without a partner in the household. Better verbal recall was predicted by higher education and better self-rated memory. Higher scores in verbal fluency were predicted by urban residency and better self-rated health. Our results indicate that the protective factors for good mental health and cognitive functioning in older Croatian workers are being employed, having more education, living with a partner in the household, and being healthier. These findings stress the importance of implementing broader social policy strategies covering employment, education, and health.

How does the minimum wage affect employment statuses of youths?: evidence of Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Devanto Shasta Pratomo
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Youth Employment ◽  
Displacement Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
Youth Labour Market

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of minimum wage on youth employment across employment statuses in Indonesia. This study uses the National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) from 2010 to 2012. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a multinomial logit model to see the youth distribution across different employment status changes as a result of an increase in the minimum wage. Five categories of youth employment statuses are examined including self-employed; unpaid family workers; paid employees in the covered sector; paid employees in the uncovered sectors; and unemployed. The model is examined separately for urban and rural areas, as well as for the male and female youth labour market. Findings – The results generally suggest that an increase in minimum wage decrease the probability of youth being employed in the covered sector, i.e. paid employment in the covered sector and increase the probability of youth being employed in the uncovered sectors, including self-employed, unpaid family workers, and paid employment in the uncovered sectors. This study indicates a displacement effect for youths from the covered sector into the uncovered sector as suggested by the two-sector model. The specific results are different across urban and rural labour markets, as well as across males and females. Originality/value – Compared to the developed country studies, the studies on the effects of minimum wage on youth employment in developing countries is relatively limited. The sample from Indonesian labour market with a large informal sector has never been used for these purposes. This study also contributes to the literature by using the particular definition of the covered-uncovered sector to the Indonesian labour market based on the employment status and individual wage data.

Educational Attainment and Self-Rated Health Status among Single Mothers in Rural Alabama

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Zekeri
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Single Mothers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Rural Alabama ◽  
Modest Effect

Using previous data from a random sample of 300 single mothers from rural Alabama, multiple regression analysis indicated that food insecurity and employment status had a modest effect on self-rated health status, while educational attainment and income had the greatest effect. These variables explained 29% of the variance in health status. Social and economic policies that affect educational attainment and income distribution may have important consequences for health status in these rural areas.

scholarly journals The Health Status of Labor Force in East Kalimantan Province: Effect of Individual Characteristics and Household Conditions

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaka Eben Heizer ◽  
Budiono Budiono ◽  
Ferry Hadiyanto ◽  
Pipit Pitriyan ◽  
Adiatma Yudistira Manogar Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
House Area

The aims of this research are first, to explore the factors that are associated with health status. Second, to address the individual characteristics and household conditions that affect the health status of labor force, taking into account the urban-rural differences. This research utilized data from SUSENAS Cor 2018, and employed a cross sectional - multinomial logistic regression analysis method. The dependent variable is the health conditions of the labor force. The findings show that, age and number of household members were significant for both sick and very sick health status in all two type of areas analyzed. In urban and rural areas simultaneously gender, expenditure per capita, and drinking water were only significant for sick health group while marital status, education, employment status, sanitation, house area was only significant for very sick health status group. In urban areas, the results indicated that gender, employment status, and drinking water were only significant for sick health status, while marital status, education, sanitation, and house area significant for very sick health status. Moreover, in rural areas, marital status was only significant for sick health status whereas, sanitation and house area were significant for the very sick health status. 

Training Aides to Screen Children for Speech and Language Problems

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisue Pickering ◽  
William R. Dopheide
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Elementary School Age ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
Large Scale Screening

This report deals with an effort to begin the process of effectively identifying children in rural areas with speech and language problems using existing school personnel. A two-day competency-based workshop for the purpose of training aides to conduct a large-scale screening of speech and language problems in elementary-school-age children is described. Training strategies, implementation, and evaluation procedures are discussed.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document