scholarly journals NEW BEARING STEEL FOR HIGH-SPEED APPLICATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
pp. 5334-5339
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN BRECHER ◽  
◽  
STEPHAN NEUS ◽  
MARCUS GAERTNER ◽  
LEONARDO CATANA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Surface Fatigue ◽  
Bearing Steels ◽  
Spindle Bearing ◽  
Contact Pressures

The requirements for speed suitability and fatigue strength of motor spindle bearings are constantly increasing. These challenges can be met by further developing the spindle bearings, e.g. by using higher-performance bearing steels. In the following, the experimental investigation results of a spindle bearing made of a new raceway steel tested on a high-speed rolling bearing test rig are presented. Spindle bearings of the type 7008 (hybrid execution) were tested in an endurance run at a rotational speed of 46 krpm and 3 kN axial load. The operating behaviour was validated based on the bearing outer ring temperature and the vibration behaviour. Microscope analysis of the raceways after the test shows that the new steel has good resistance to micropitting and surface fatigue. The calculated contact pressures, wear parameter and lifetime for the bearings in the tests show that the performance limits of spindle bearings are significantly higher than initially assumed.

Development of Test Rig for High-Speed Railway Rolling Bearings

2011 ◽  
Vol 101-102 ◽  
pp. 702-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Dong Huang ◽  
Bo Qian Fan ◽  
Xiao Ping Ouyang ◽  
Ling Ling Xu ◽  
Zhi Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Main Shaft ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Rolling Bearings ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Mechanical Structure

The rolling bearing test rig for heavy vehicles often works under heavy load and high speed, thus it requires high performance for the main shaft and mechanical structure. In this paper a design of test rig for high-speed railway rolling bearings is presented, in which a new structure is adopted to reduce the load on the support bearings. The basic idea is to position the load in a way that they can be balanced by each other.

Review on the Dynamics of High-Speed Motorized Spindle System

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 1435-1438
Author(s):  
Xiao Ming Dai ◽  
Hong Jun Wang ◽  
Qiu Shi Han
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Motorized Spindle ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Spindle System ◽  
Spindle Bearing

The research on the dynamics modeling in theory and experiment for the rolling bearing-motorized spindle system including bearing modeling and spindle-bearing system modeling is reviewed. The main factors influencing the motorized spindle system dynamics are analyzed combined with the pratical engineering, which include thermal characteristics, high-speed effects and electromechanical coupling. The methods for dynamics modeling including the transfer matrix method and finite element method are related. Finally, the research directions on the dynamics of rolling-bearing motorized spindle system are forecasted.

A high-speed rolling bearing test rig supported by sliding bearing

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 955-959
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Heng Liu ◽  
Shemiao Qi ◽  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Sliding Bearing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rotating Speed ◽  
Operating Stability

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a high-speed rolling bearing test rig supported by sliding bearing and its first experimental results. Design/methodology/approach Through analyzing the disadvantages of using rolling bearing as supporting bearing, the bottlenecks that need to be resolved urgently in the development of rolling bearing experimental technology, and the advantages of the sliding bearing, this study used the sliding bearing as the supporting bearing for the high-speed rolling bearing test rig for the purpose of prolonging the service life, increasing the load capacity and promoting the operating stability. Findings The experimental results show that the high-speed rolling bearing test rig supported by sliding bearing could stably rotate at 70,800 rpm without installing the test bearing; the temperature of the sliding bearing is increasing with the rotating speed and the maximum is less than 95°C. Moreover, the new test rig, installing an angular contact ball bearing as test bearing, could also stably rotate at 54,000 rpm with 2 kN axial load and 1 kN radial load; the temperature of the sliding bearing is increasing with the rotating speed and the maximum temperature is less than 97°C. Practical implications Rolling test rig has been established. Originality/value This paper proposes a high-speed rolling bearing test rig supported by sliding bearing, which greatly prolongs the service life, increases the load capacity and promotes the operating stability, moreover, reduces the risk of supporting bearing failure before the test bearing. This paper can also provide a new idea and reference for the design of similar bearing test rig. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-03-2020-0085/

An Investigation on Dynamic Characteristics of a High Speed Rotor With Complex Structure for Microturbine Test Rig

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhang ◽  
Yonghui Xie ◽  
Zhenping Feng
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Torsional Vibration ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Lateral Vibration ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Turbine Impeller

During the research and development of 100kW class microturbine, a test rig with complex structure rotor for turbine impeller was constructed. Due to the limitation of test rig, the test rotor has to adopt cantilever configuration, which consists of shaft, connect disk with cool air holes, turbine impeller, and tie bar that joints the previous three components together. Because the rotor has a high rotational speed of 30000rpm, the ceramic rolling bearing is adopted for the test rig. In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of the rotor, a numerical model for temperature field has been developed using three dimensional finite element method firstly; then a numerical model to analyze the dynamic characteristics of high-speed ceramic rolling bearing and a numerical model to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the rotor considering the effect of temperature, shear deflection and gyroscopics have been developed too. At last, the temperature field and the dynamic characteristics of the test rig rotor were investigated in detail, some numerical results such as the critical speeds of lateral and torsional vibration, imbalance response, accelerate transient response were obtained. The numerical result of the first critical speed of lateral vibration shows good agreement with the experimental data, so the numerical model can provide accurate results for rotor dynamic analysis of such kind of rotor. Meanwhile, the critical speeds of lateral vibration and torsional vibration are far away from the operation speed of the rotor, and the response values are also very small, so that the rotor can operate reliably.

Dynamic Design of a High-Speed Motorized Spindle-Bearing System

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyun Jiang ◽  
Shufei Zheng
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Processing Condition ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Design Sensitivity ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Motorized Spindle ◽  
Spindle Bearing ◽  
Bearing System

This technical brief presents a dynamic model based on the traditional transfer matrix method (TMM) and Jones–Harris nonlinear rolling bearing model to study the effects of the extended structure parameters on the vibration behavior of a high-speed motorized spindle-bearing system. The first critical speed and the dynamic stiffness of the high-speed motorized spindle-bearing system are systematically studied. A design sensitivity analysis of the structure parameters is then conducted to identify the main factor to affect the first critical speed of the spindle-bearing system. The results show that the processing condition, the shaft shoulder, the dimension of motor, and the bearing arrangement are sensitive to the spindle dynamic behavior. The TMM model of the spindle-bearing system is verified by measuring the high-speed motorized spindle overall dynamic stiffness.

Tribological characterization of potential crankshaft bearing steels for roller bearing engines

2020 ◽  
pp. 135065012095778
Author(s):  
Aleks Vrček ◽  
Tobias Hultqvist ◽  
Tomas Johannesson ◽  
Pär Marklund ◽  
Roland Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Surface Fatigue ◽  
Bearing Steels ◽  
Wear Damage

A crankshaft roller bearing internal combustion engine (ICE) offers a five percent or more improvement in overall engine efficiency and, thereby, a reduction in a five percent of CO2 emissions, compared to a plain bearing supported crankshaft. Current forged crankshaft steels represent the limiting factor of the rolling component, therefore, a replacement of the crankshaft steel is required. Apart from this, the tribology of the rolling contacts has been shown to be detrimental when lubricated with current engine oils. Therefore, this paper investigates the tribological performance of potential crankshaft bearing steels, i.e. DIN C56E2 (G55); DIN 50CrMo4 (G50); and DIN 100Cr6 (G3), while utilizing a state-of-the-art low viscosity 0W20 engine oil and under conditions prevalent to ICE. For this, damage mode investigation was performed in a disc-on-disc setup. Based on the results, wear damage of DIN 100Cr6 discs was shown to be dependent on the steel grade of which the counterpart disc was made from and surface hardness difference between both discs. In addition, surface fatigue and wear damage can be completely eliminated by selecting a proper surface roughness and hardness combination. Also, while under an elevated roughness level, engine oil was shown to promote both surface fatigue and wear damage through the work of ZDDP additives, which under extreme conditions can act as an extreme pressure (EP) additive. The residual stress measurements using the XRD technique revealed relatively high compressive residual stresses for G55 and G50 in comparison to G3 steel after surface induction hardening. In addition, no significant changes in residual stress for G55 and G50 were observed after the test. In contrast, relatively high tensile stress was observed for G3 near the surface region. This suggests that the most commonly used 100Cr6 bearing steel, in this case, is the most susceptible to surface fatigue.

COPPER ALLOY No. C94300

Alloy Digest ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Lead Alloy ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Strength Medium

Abstract Copper Alloy No. C94300 is a cast copper-tin-lead alloy (bronze). It is characterized by low hardness and strength, medium ductility, excellent machinability and good resistance to corrosion. Commercial names formerly used (but not recommended) are (1) Ingot No. 322, (2) Soft Bronze, (3) High-Leaded Tin Bronze and (4) 70-5-25. This alloy is recommended highly for high-speed bearings at light loads. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive strength as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-470. Producer or source: Copper alloy foundries.

GUTERL M-2

Alloy Digest ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Special Steel ◽  
Steel Corporation ◽  
Circular Saws

Abstract GUTERL M-2 is a molybdenum-tungsten type of high-speed steel with fairly good resistance to decarburization. It is a general-purpose high-speed steel and it provides excellent resistance to abrasion and shock. It is used widely for cutting tools. Among its many applications are hack saws, circular saws, lathe tools, gear cutters, planer tools and wood knives. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-387. Producer or source: Guterl Special Steel Corporation.

scholarly journals Systematic Performance Comparison of (Duobinary)-PAM-2,4 Signaling under Light and Strong Opto-Electronic Bandwidth Conditions

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Ramón Gutiérrez-Castrejón ◽  
Md Ghulam Saber ◽  
Md Samiul Alam ◽  
Zhenping Xing ◽  
Eslam El-Fiky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Bit Rate ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Rate System ◽  
Modulation Formats ◽  
Modulation Format

We present a systematic comparison of PAM-2 (NRZ), Duobinary-PAM-2, PAM-4, and Duobinary-PAM-4 (duo-quaternary) signaling in the context of short-reach photonic communications systems using a Mach–Zehnder modulator as transmitter. The effect on system performance with a relaxed and constrained system’s opto-electronic bandwidth is analyzed for bit rates ranging from 20 to 116 Gb/s. In contrast to previous analyses, our approach employs the same experimental and simulation conditions for all modulation formats. Consequently, we were able to confidently determine the performance limits of each format for particular values of bit rate, system bandwidth, transmitter chirp, and fiber dispersion. We demonstrate that Duobinary-PAM-4 is a good signaling choice only for bandwidth-limited systems operating at relatively high speed. Otherwise, PAM-4 represents a more sensible choice. Moreover, our analysis put forward the existence of transition points: specific bit rate values where the BER versus bit rate curves for two different formats cross each other. They indicate the bit rate values where, for specific system conditions, switching from one modulation to another guarantees optimum performance. Their existence naturally led to the proposal of a format-selective transceiver, a component that, according to network conditions, operates with the most adequate modulation format. Since all analyzed modulations share similar implementation details, signaling switching is achieved by simply changing the sampling point and threshold count at the receiver, bringing flexibility to IM/DD-based optical networks.

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