scholarly journals South Asians and their increased cardiovascular risk: A review of risk factors and diet and lifestyle modification

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Rachel Nicoll ◽  
Michael Henein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Conventional Risk Factors

South Asians (SAs) have a significantly higher incidence and severity of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD)<br />than Caucasians and can present with atypical ischaemic symptoms. This can present a challenge for health professionals<br />who may not be aware of the lowered thresholds recommended for SA body mass index, waist circumference and age.<br />Although SAs are likely to have all the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome: central obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose<br />tolerance, reduced high density lipoprotein, high triglycerides and hypertension, conventional risk factors alone do not fully<br />predict the increased CVD risk among this community. Furthermore, SAs themselves may not be aware of their increased<br />predisposition to disease nor of the dietary and lifestyle modifications which could reduce the risk and severity of their<br />condition. Even where some modification has been attempted, there may be cultural pressure to conform to a traditional<br />diet and the requirements for fasting and feasting. Principally, SAs should avoid large late meals, reduce sugary sweets and<br />drinks, alcohol and foods fried in plant oils which create damaging transfats, while increasing protein and non-fried vegetables<br />to help glycaemic control. Chewing paan, with or without added tobacco, is a particular risk factor for both CVD and cancer,<br />on a par with the dangers of smoking. Although not in the culture, exercise would also be of great benefit.

Effectiveness of the Complete Health Improvement Program in a Geriatric Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 155982762110493
Author(s):  
Emily Scriven ◽  
Bhakti Chavan ◽  
David Drozek
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Complete Health

The Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP) is an intensive therapeutic lifestyle modification program (ITLMP) with well-documented success in decreasing risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plant-based diets and physical activity are components of the program that contribute to these improvements. Yet, there are few studies on how ITLMPs affect risk factors specifically for the geriatric population. The goal of this study was to examine results of CHIP participants with a focus on the older (greater than 65 years) population in Athens, Ohio. Retrospective data from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed for 26 CHIP classes. Recorded variables included body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), blood glucose (BG), and exercise level. Among geriatric participants, significant changes were found in BMI, BP, TC, LDL, HDL, BG, and exercise level ( P < .001). As compared to the younger population, changes in variables were equivalent in the geriatric population in all variables ( P > .05). These improvements in CVD risk factors among the elderly support the hypothesis that CHIP should be considered for CVD prevention and treatment in the geriatric population.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a 10-week lifestyle and weight management programme on cardiovascular disease risk factors in a group of people living with obesity referred from a specialist bariatric clinic

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Harris ◽  
D Keegan ◽  
S Seery ◽  
D Dunne ◽  
Z Mc Crudden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Risk Factor Reduction

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Health Service Executive Health and Wellbeing, Saolta University Healthcare Group OnBehalf Croí the West of Ireland Cardiac Foundation, Galway, Ireland and the National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health Introduction People living with obesity are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While development of obesity is multifactorial, lifestyle modification is fundamental to obesity treatment and risk factor reduction. We sought to measure the effects of a structured lifestyle modification programme on the physical and mental health of people living with obesity. Purpose This study investigated the impact of a 10-week, community based, lifestyle modification programme on CVD risk factors in people living with obesity (BMI ≥35kg/m2 with a co-morbidity or BMI ≥40kg/m2) who were referred from a specialist bariatric service. Methods Delivered by an interdisciplinary team (Nurse, Dietitian & Physiotherapist) the programme included weekly group-based exercise sessions and health promotion workshops. A wide range of topics were addressed in workshops, including nutrition, food labels, emotional eating, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, stress management and CVD risk factor reduction. Outcomes were measured at initial and end of programme assessments. Results 1122 people participated in the intervention between 2013 and 2019 with 78% (n = 877) completing the programme. At initial assessment 26.7% of participants had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes; 37.3% were at high or very high risk of CVD; 44.7% were hypertensive and 31.4% had a history of depression. Mean BMI was 47.0kg/m2 with 56.4% of participants having a BMI &gt;45kg/m2. The intervention had significant positive impacts on key outcomes such as psychosocial health, lipid profiles, blood pressure, adiposity and cardiovascular fitness. One of the most significant outcomes observed was the improvement in psycho-social health. Scores of anxiety and depression, assessed using the HADS, decreased by 1.5 and 2.2 points respectively (p &lt;0.001). Mean EQ-VAS score increased by 11 points (p &lt;0.001). There were significant changes in total cholesterol levels with a mean reduction in total cholesterol from 4.69mmol/l to 4.54mmol/l (p &lt;0.001) and LDL cholesterol from 2.79mmol/l to 2.64mmol/l (p &lt;0.001). There were also significant improvements in blood pressure with mean systolic blood pressure reducing by 15.7mmHg (p &lt;0.001) and diastolic blood pressure reducing by 1.4mmHg (p &lt;0.001). For people with type 2 diabetes, there was an increase in those achieving the recommended HbA1c target (&lt;53mmol/l) from 47.6% to 57.4% (p &lt;0.001). Mean reduction in bodyweight was 2.0kg (p &lt;0.001), with 27.2% achieving a weight loss of &gt;3% of initial bodyweight. The percentage of participants achieving the recommended physical activity guidelines increased by 31% (p &lt;0.001). Conclusions A lifestyle modification programme delivered by an interdisciplinary team, aimed at individuals living with obesity, is not only acceptable to participants but also significantly reduces CVD risk factors. These findings should influence the design of future programmes and healthcare policies in Ireland and abroad.

scholarly journals Interaction between CETP polymorphism and dietary insulin index and load in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faezeh Abaj ◽  
Masoumeh Rafiee ◽  
Fariba Koohdani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractGene–diet interactions may play an important role in the inter individual diversity observed in on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the interaction of CETP TaqB1 polymorphism with dietary insulin index and load (DII and DIL), in altering on CVD risk factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 220 type 2 diabetic patients (134 females and 86 male) with a mean age of 52.24 years in Tehran, Iran. DIL and DII were obtained via validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Taq1B polymorphism was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α). interleukin 18 (IL18), leptin and ghrelin were measured by standard protocol. Patients with B1B1 genotype had lower lipid profiles include LDL/HDL (P < 0.001) and TG (P = 0.04) when they consumed diets higher on the DIL and DII index. Moreover, carriers of B2B2 genotype who were in the last tertile of DIL had higher antioxidant and inflammatory markers include SOD (P = 0.01), PGF2α (P = 0.04) and CRP (P = 0.02). Further, a significant interaction between CETP TaqB1 and DII was shown in terms of WC (P = 0.01), where the highest WC were observed in B2B2 genotype carriers following a DII score. However, the highest inflammatory and antioxidant markers include CRP (P = 0.04), TAC (P = 0.01), SOD (P = 0.02), and PGF2α (P = 0.02) were observed in B2B2 genotype carriers when they consumed diets higher on the DII index. Based on the current study, it could be proposed that CETP polymorphism may be associated with CVD risk factors in T2DM patients with high following insulin indices, including DII and DIL. It seems that CETP Taq1B polymorphism can invert the result produced by insulin. This conclusion illustrates that the CETP Taq1B B1 allele could counteract the CVD risk induced by high DII and DIL.

scholarly journals Interaction between the dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) and PPAR-γ gene variants on cardiovascular risk factors in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faezeh Abaj ◽  
Gity Sotoudeh ◽  
Elmira Karimi ◽  
Masoumeh Rafiee ◽  
Fariba Koohdani
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Pro12ala Polymorphism ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Dietary Indices

Background: We investigated the interaction between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 diabetic patients. PPAR-γ Pro12Ala was genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α) were measured by standard protocol. FFQ was used for dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) calculation. Results: There was no significant relationship between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and CVD risk factors. The rs1801282-DQI interactions were significant on WC (P= 0.01). Thus, C-allele carriers in the higher tertile of DQI had higher WC compared to GG homozygous. Further, an interaction was observed between PPAR rs1801282 polymorphism and DQI on serum IL-18 level (P = 0.03). Besides, a significant rs1801282-DPI interaction was shown on HDL concentration (P Interaction= 0.04), G allele carriers who were in the highest tertile of DPI, had lower HDL. Moreover, there were significant rs1801282-HEI interactions on ghrelin (P= 0.04) in the crude model and serum leptin (P = 0.02) in the adjusted model. Individuals with (CC, CG) genotypes in the higher tertile of HEI, had lower leptin and ghrelin concentration. Conclusions: Higher dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) may affect the relationship between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and waist circumference and ghrelin, leptin, HDL-c, IL-18 concentration in patients with T2DM. To date, studies on this polymorphism have been shown that this gene can interact with diabetes and different nutritional factors. For the first time, this study provides information on the interaction of dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) and PPAR-γ gene which is functionally effective in nutrient metabolism.

scholarly journals Control of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Among Adults with Previously Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Descriptive Study from a Middle Eastern Arab Population

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawad A Al-Lawati ◽  
Mohammed N. Barakat ◽  
Ibrahim Al-Zakwani ◽  
Medhat K. Elsayed ◽  
Masoud Al-Maskari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cvd Risk

Background: Despite the high burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Oman, there are scarce data from a nationally representative sample on the level of glycaemia and other cardiovascular (CVD) risk factor control. Objective: To estimate the proportion of patients with T2DM at goal for glycaemia and CVD risk factors using the National Diabetes Guidelines (NDG) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical care guidelines; and to assess the quality of selected services provided to patients with T2DM. Methods: A sample of 2,551 patients (47% men) aged ≥20 years with T2DM treated at primary health care centers was selected. Patient characteristics, medical history and treatment were collected from case notes, Diabetes Registers and computer frameworks including the use of the last 3 laboratory investigations results and blood pressure (BP) readings recorded in 2007. Results: The overall mean age of the cohort was 54±13 years with an average median duration of diabetes of 4 (range 2 to 6) years. Over 80% of patients were overweight or obese (body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 Kg/m2). Sixty-nine percent were on oral anti-diabetic medication, 52% on anti-hypertensives and 40% on lipid lowering drugs. Thirty percent of patients were at goal for glycosylated haemoglobin level (<7%), 26% for BP (systolic/diastolic <130/80 mmHg), 55% for total cholesterol (<5.2 mmol/l), 4.5% for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1.8 mmol/l), 52% for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (>1 mmol/l for men, >1.3 mmol/l for women), and 61% for triglycerides (<1.7 mmol/l). Over 37% had micro-albuminuria and 5% had diabetic nephropathy. Conclusion: Control of hyperglycaemia and other CVD risk factor appears to be suboptimal in Omani patients with T2DM and need to be addressed in the triad of patient, physician and health system.

scholarly journals Interaction Between the Dietary Indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) and PPAR-γ Gene Variants on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faezeh Abaj ◽  
Guity Soutudeh ◽  
Elmira Karimi ◽  
Masoumeh Rafiee ◽  
Fariba Koohdani
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Pro12ala Polymorphism ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Dietary Indices

Abstract Background: We investigated the interaction between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 diabetic patients. PPAR-γ Pro12Ala was genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α) were measured by standard protocol. FFQ was used for dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) calculation.Results: There was no significant relationship between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and CVD risk factors. The rs1801282-DQI interactions were significant on WC (P= 0.01). Thus, C-allele carriers in the higher tertile of DQI had higher WC compared to GG homozygous. Further, an interaction was observed between PPAR rs1801282 polymorphism and DQI on serum IL-18 level (P = 0.03). Besides, a significant rs1801282-DPI interaction was shown on HDL concentration (P Interaction= 0.04), G allele carriers who were in the highest tertile of DPI, had lower HDL. Moreover, there were significant rs1801282-HEI interactions on ghrelin (P= 0.04) in the crude model and serum leptin (P = 0.02) in the adjusted model. Individuals with (CC, CG) genotypes in the higher tertile of HEI, had lower leptin and ghrelin concentration.Conclusions: Higher dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) may affect the relationship between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and waist circumference and ghrelin, leptin, HDL-c, IL-18 concentration in patients with T2DM.

scholarly journals In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients, the Atherogenic Index of Plasma as a Marker of Coronary Artery Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 263246362110313
Author(s):  
Muhammed Hossam Al-Shaer ◽  
Manar Mostafa Elzaky ◽  
El Sayed Mohamed Farag ◽  
Mostafa Osama Mohamed Saad
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Atherogenic Index Of Plasma

One-third of all deaths globally are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD), and this percentage is predicted to climb as CVD risk factors become more widespread. Primary prevention of risk factors is the most fundamental duty in dealing with the CVD epidemic. The link between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and other CVD risks among university workers was investigated among study participants in order to demonstrate that AIP, not lipid profile, is a better predictor of CVDs. They discovered a link between AIP and CVD risk variables (body mass index, visceral fat, body fat, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol) in people with type 2 diabetes. This comparative study was carried out in Cardiology Department, Zagazig University Hospitals. This study included 140 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. They were classified into 2 main groups: Group 1: 70 patients with type 2 diabetes who had coronary artery disease (CAD). Group (2): 70 type 2 diabetes individuals with no indicators of CAD (admitted complaining of symptoms of angina or CA showing no significant stenotic lesions). Regarding study explained it has showed that AIP outperforms standard lipid indicators in predicting the likelihood ofdeveloping CADs in people with type 2 diabetes. In addition, the value of AIP in diabetic and prediabetic patients for predicting future CVD is being investigated. They came to the conclusion that AIP is an excellent predictor of future CVD in those with diabetes and those who are prediabetic.

South Asians and Anglo Australians with heart disease in Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Gupta ◽  
Rosalie Aroni ◽  
Siobhan Lockwood ◽  
Indra Jayasuriya ◽  
Helena Teede
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Gensini Score ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk

Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and compare presentation and severity of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) among South Asians (SAs) and Anglo Australians (AAs). Methods A retrospective clinical case audit was conducted at a public tertiary hospital. The study population included SA and AA patients hospitalised for IHD. Baseline characteristics, evidence of diabetes and other CVD risk factors were recorded. Angiography data were also included to determine severity, and these were assessed using a modified Gensini score. Results SAs had lower mean (± s.d.) age of IHD presentation that AAs (52 ± 9 vs 55 ± 9 years, respectively; P = 0.02), as well as a lower average body mass index (BMI; 26 ± 4 vs 29 ± 6 kg/m2, respectively; P = 0.005), but a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (57% vs 31%, respectively; P = 0.001). No significant differences were found in coronary angiography parameters. There were no significant differences in the median (interquartile range) Gensini score between SAs and AAs (43.5 (27–75) vs 44 (26.5–68.5), respectively), median vessel score (1 (1–2) vs 2 (1–3), respectively) or multivessel score (37% (33/89) vs 54% (22/41), respectively). Conclusions The findings show that in those with established IHD, cardiovascular risk factors, such as age at onset and BMI, differ between SAs and AAs and these differences should be considered in the prevention and management of IHD. What is known about the topic? There is much evidence on CVD and SAs, it being a leading cause of mortality and morbidity for this population both in their home countries and in countries they have migrated to. Studies conducted in Western nations other than Australia have suggested a difference in the risk profiles and presentations of CVD among SA migrants compared with the host populations in developed countries. Although this pattern of cardiovascular risk factors among SAs has been well documented, there is insufficient knowledge about this population, currently the largest population of incoming migrants, and CVD in the Australian setting. What does this paper add? This paper confirms that a similar pattern of CVD exists in Australia among SAs as does in other Western nations they have migrated to. The CVD pattern found in this population is that of an earlier age of onset at lower BMI compared with the host AA population, as well as a differing cardiovascular risk profile, with higher rates of type 2 diabetes and lower smoking rates. In addition, this study finds similar angiographic results for both the SAs and AAs; however, the SAs exhibit these similar angiographic patterns at younger ages. What are the implications for practitioners? SAs in Australia represent a high cardiovascular risk group and should be targeted for more aggressive screening at younger ages. Appropriate preventative strategies should also be considered bearing in mind the differing risk factors for this population, namely low BMI and high rates of type 2 diabetes. More intensive treatment strategies should also be regarded by practitioners. Importantly, both policy makers and health professionals must consider that all these strategies should be culturally targeted and tailored to this population and not assume a ‘one-size fits all’ approach.

scholarly journals Sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors, pharmacological treatment and risk factor control in type 2 diabetes: findings from the Dutch Diabetes Pearl cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001365
Author(s):  
Marit de Jong ◽  
Marieke J Oskam ◽  
Simone J S Sep ◽  
Behiye Ozcan ◽  
Femke Rutters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Antihypertensive Medication ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factor ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Risk Factor Control

IntroductionSex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors and their management in type 2 diabetes (T2D) have not been fully identified. Therefore, we aimed to examine differences in cardiometabolic risk factor levels, pharmacological treatment and achievement of risk factor control between women and men with T2D.Research design and methodsCross-sectional data from the Dutch Diabetes Pearl cohort were used (n=6637, 40% women). Linear and Poisson regression analyses were used to examine sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factor levels, treatment, and control.ResultsCompared with men, women had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (mean difference 1.79 kg/m2 (95% CI 1.49 to 2.08)), while no differences were found in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Women had lower diastolic blood pressure (−1.94 mm Hg (95% CI −2.44 to −1.43)), higher total cholesterol (TC) (0.44 mmol/L (95% CI 0.38 to 0.51)), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (0.26 mmol/L (95% CI 0.22 to 0.31)), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) sex-standardized (0.02 mmol/L (95% CI 0.00 to 0.04)), and lower TC:HDL ratio (−0.29 (95% CI −0.36 to −0.23)) and triglycerides (geometric mean ratio 0.91 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.98)). Women had a 16% higher probability of being treated with antihypertensive medication in the presence of high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and elevated SBP than men (relative risk 0.84 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.98)), whereas no sex differences were found for glucose-lowering medication and lipid-modifying medication. Among those treated, women were less likely to achieve treatment targets of HbA1c (0.92 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.98)) and LDL-c (0.89 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.92)) than men, while no differences for SBP were found.ConclusionsIn this Dutch T2D population, women had a slightly different cardiometabolic risk profile compared with men and a substantially higher BMI. Women had a higher probability of being treated with antihypertensive medication in the presence of high CVD risk and elevated SBP than men, and were less likely than men to achieve treatment targets for HbA1c and LDL levels.

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