Changing Environments of the Arctic Region and Korea′s Arctic Policy : Restrictions and Prospects

This article explores the key stages of the development of U.S. policy with regards to Arctic Region. The goal is set to outline the fundamental interests of the United States in the Arctic, as well as analyze the actions aimed at their achievement. The article examines the main priorities in U.S. Arctic policy, namely the protection and preservation of resources and ecosystem in the Arctic Region, scientific study of climatic changes, peculiarities of economic development of Alaska, and national security interests of the state. The questions of interaction of Arctic states with regards to defense cooperation become increasingly relevant. Consideration of the mid-term and long-term prospects of U.S. Arctic policy allowed the author focusing attention on the news aspects of U.S. government actions. Maritime capabilities of the United States in the Arctic waters are views in the context of modern tendencies. The author attempted to trace the prospects for expansion of U.S. influence in the Arctic Region based on the current agenda of 2019.

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China’s Arctic Policy: Challenges to Regional Security (1990s – 2020s)

Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki ◽

10.15407/mzu2021.30.377 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 377-388

Author(s):

Oleksandr Horobets ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Large Scale ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

Regional Security ◽

The World ◽

Arctic Policy ◽

The Arctic Region

The article analyzes the evolution of China's Arctic policy, which has expanded over three decades from individual polar research to observer status in the Arctic Council and the existence of a state Arctic strategy. China and Russia have established mutually beneficial cooperation in the Arctic region in such conditions, when in many areas there are fundamental contradictions between the countries. The West did not have a long-term strategy capable of responding to current security challenges, including in the Arctic. When Russia tried to regain lost positions on the world stage in 2007-2008, China became an increasingly influential player in the world. If before the Arctic had been outside the lines of rivalry for decades, the question of the Far North as an arena of military competition began to take first place. China has become a long-term threat to both the United States and Russia. In previous years, with the help of the China, Moscow had the opportunity to receive the necessary investments and technologies for large-scale Arctic projects. The more Beijing attempts to establish itself as an influential player in the Arctic, the more the threat to other Arctic countries will grow. The Russian Federation has positioned itself as a leader in the region. The country's policy was aimed at strengthening this status through regional control and expansion of the military presence. This led to a response from the United States and NATO countries. In Russia it was assessed as a threat. The question arises as to what the strategy of the United States should be, and whether it will be possible to resist the costly arms race. If not, then the competition will be concentrated in the political and economic spheres. A particular aspect is the rapid militarization of the Arctic region after 2014, primarily due to changes in Russia's military strategy, which extends to the North. This has led to the tensions between the United States and Russia. China has not yet resorted to expand its military power in the Arctic. China's policy of economic and infrastructural influence is opposed to military methods. The effectiveness of Chinese non-military methods of influence is assessed

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Norwway’s Arctic security policy: agenda of 2019

Право и политика ◽

10.7256/2454-0706.2020.2.30332 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 23-35

Author(s):

Andrei Andreevich Kovalev

Keyword(s):

Security Policy ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

Positive Role ◽

Military Presence ◽

Arctic Security ◽

Arctic Policy ◽

Further Development ◽

The Arctic Region

The goal of this article consists in comprehensive analysis of the domestic and foreign security policy of Norway in the regions of Norwegian Arctic and Northern Norway. This work explores the geographical peculiarities and economy of the regions; questions of international cooperation, impacting the domestic policy as a whole and Arctic policy in particular; Norway’s military interests and military presence of NATO and the United States in the region of Norwegian Arctic. Attention is given to the relations between Norway and Russia, since they influence the overall balance between countries in the Arctic region. The conducted analysis demonstrates that Arctic region is strategically important for Norway from the perspectives of both, domestic and foreign policy. Norway plans to pay attention to respect nation’s sovereignty, which is necessary for successful development of the region, its economy, security, and conducting scientific research in the Arctic. Norway’s Arctic policy is closely tied to relations with Russia and NATO member-states, and its further development on this vector can play a positive role for the entire global community. Carrying out dual policy with regards to Russia, Norway welcomes the strengthening of military presence of the NATO countries in the region.                                                          

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China’s Interests in the Arctic and the EU’S Arctic Policy: Towards a Proactive EU Foreign Policy?

The Yearbook of Polar Law Online ◽

10.1163/2211-6427_006 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 128-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cécile Pelaudeix

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Arctic Region ◽

External Action ◽

The Arctic ◽

The European Union ◽

Eu Foreign Policy ◽

Bilateral Relations ◽

Internal Coherence ◽

Arctic Policy ◽

The Arctic Region

Initiated in 2008, the EU’S Arctic policy acknowledges the evolving geo-strategy of the Arctic region and intends to secure the EU’S trade and resource interests as new actors like China enter the Arctic arena. This paper shows that China’s growing assertiveness in the Arctic has impacted upon both EU Arctic policy and EU foreign policy. The new China’s trade interests in the Arctic, in particular the sensitive issue of rare earth elements, have triggered various moves in the EU in terms of trade and cooperation policies. The use of international law gives the EU some leeway to manage legal tensions with China which may still remain in some sectors, and which may also arise in connection with China’s legitimate aspirations in terms of becoming a rule maker as well. On an institutional level, engaging in an ambitious agenda with China also proves that the European External Action Service has gained in efficiency and internal coherence. Finally, this article also shows that the increasing connection of the EU’S Arctic policy with major bilateral relations calls for strengthened EU diplomatic attention in order to respect the principles guiding the EU’S action on the international scene as stated in the Treaty of the European Union, and to avoid a Eurocentric attitude that could undermine the ability of the EU to be a global actor. EU-China cooperation on Arctic issues certainly relies on a strong potential for cooperation, but it also represents additional challenges for the integrated EU Arctic policy that is expected by the end of 2015.

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Goals and Objectives of the State Policy of the Republic of Korea in the Arctic

World Economy and International Relations ◽

10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-90-96 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (8) ◽

pp. 90-96

Author(s):

H.-K. Seo ◽

J.-K. Pak ◽

I. Chistov

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

State Policy ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Arctic Region ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

The Arctic ◽

General Plan ◽

The Republic ◽

Arctic Policy ◽

The Arctic Region

The article compares the provisions of normative documents that determine the Arctic policy of Korea and the results of a survey by Korean experts dealing with Arctic issues. The presented study examines the issues of transforming the priorities of the ROK state policy in the Arctic and promising areas of Seoul’s activity in the Arctic region. An analysis of the main regulatory documents that determine the priorities of the Republic of Korea in the Arctic (the Arctic Policy Basic Plan for 2013–2017 and the Arctic Development Basic Plan for 2018–2022) demonstrates the growing importance of economic cooperation in the Arctic as a priority for Korean policy. The results of the expert survey conducted as part of the study demonstrate that the Korean expert community considers environmental protection and response to climate change a paramount for the country’s policy in the Arctic region. According to the study, the experts have chosen the following most important tasks in the Arctic: “responding to climate change and forecasting climate change”; “protection of the marine environment and biological resources”; “conservation of ecosystems”; “the introduction and development of polar scientific research”; “expansion of polar research and monitoring infrastructure”. The survey results indicate that the key direction of the Arctic policy for the Republic of Korea, is the development of international relations within the framework of the Arctic Council, the main subject of which is scientific research in the field of climate and ecology. Thus, despite the priorities formulated in the General Plan for the Development of Arctic Activities for 2018–2022, Arctic experts consider the establishment of international partnerships to be a more important task than the participation of Korean business in Arctic projects and the creation of Arctic infrastructure. Acknowledgements. This article has been supported by the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) (PE19460).

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Evolution of the US Arctic Policy

Post-Soviet Issues ◽

10.24975/2313-8920-2021-8-1-54-64 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 54-64

Author(s):

A. V. Borisov ◽

I. V. Rovinskaya

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Regional Cooperation ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

The Us ◽

The Status ◽

Arctic Policy ◽

The Arctic Region

The article examines the development of the US Arctic policy which is reflected in the US strategic documents. The author examines the evolution of doctrinal purposes from those focusing on environmental issues and regional cooperation to those focusing on logistics, security and military infrastructure. The evolution of the US strategic documents is considered in the context of the activities of such actors as Russia, Canada, China and a number of international organizations in the Arctic region. Contradictions and existing and prospective areas of cooperation are noted. The author shows the immutability of the US key strategic guidelines of the United States aimed at securing the status of an Arctic power for the United States and ensuring the promotion and protection of the US interests in the region.

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Nuclear icebreaker fleet and power supply on the basis of floating power units

Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki ◽

10.21499/2078-4023-2018--4-110-113 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 110-113

Author(s):

V. A. Tupchienko ◽

H. G. Imanova

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Power Supply ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Arctic Region ◽

Nuclear Industry ◽

The Arctic ◽

Far North ◽

The Arctic Region

The article deals with the problem of the development of the domestic nuclear icebreaker fleet in the context of the implementation of nuclear logistics in the Arctic. The paper analyzes the key achievements of the Russian nuclear industry, highlights the key areas of development of the nuclear sector in the Far North, and identifies aspects of the development of mechanisms to ensure access to energy on the basis of floating nuclear power units. It is found that Russia is currently a leader in the implementation of the nuclear aspect of foreign policy and in providing energy to the Arctic region.

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