scholarly journals First a job, and then a family? Impacts of disabilities on young people's life courses in a nineteenth-century Swedish region

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Vikström ◽  
Erling Häggström Lundevaller ◽  
Helena Haage
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Mental Disabilities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
And Gender

This study considers the life courses of young men and women with and without disabilities in the Sundsvall region of Sweden during the nineteenth century. It aims to ascertain how disability and gender shaped their involvement in work and their experience of family in order to assess the extent of their social inclusion. Through the use of Swedish parish registers digitized by the Demographic Data Base, Umeå University, we examine 8,874 individuals observed from 15 to 33 years of age to investigate whether obtaining a job, getting married and having children were less frequent events for people with disabilities. Our results reveal that this was the case and particularly for those with mental disabilities, even if having an impairment did not wholly prevent people from finding a job. However, their work did not represent the key to family formation and for the women it implied a higher rate of illegitimacy. We argue that the lower level of inclusion in work and family was not solely the outcome of the impairment itself, but differed in relation to the particular attitudes towards men and women with disabilities within the labour market and society more generally in this particular context.

Sociale zekerheid en de levenslopen van mannen en vrouwen

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke Plantenga ◽  
Ivy Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Sociale Zekerheid ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Market Behaviour

Social security and the life course op men and woman Social security and the life course op men and woman The system of social security is under pressure. Social structures have not yet adequately adapted to men and women’s altered personal life course, reflected in changes in family formation and labour market behaviour. As a result, a care shortage and/or a labour market shortage may occur, because the increased need to combine work and family, is not yet facilitated by an accurate institutional structure. In this article it is stated that the system of social security needs to be adapted in two ways. First, the coverage of traditional risks like sickness and unemployment should allow for diversity and non-standard labour-market behaviour. Secondly, care responsibilities – or rather socially beneficial matters – should also be covered by the system of social security. Both changes could take shape in a three-pillar model; risks are basically covered by combination of rights from three sources (‘pillars’). The first pillar consists of generic and compulsory schemes for all citizens, which provides (basic) cover also in the case of care responsibilities. This first pillar arrangements could be supplemented by life course arrangements in the second pillar, generating flexibility and freedom of choice. Then there is the third pillar, which consists of personal forms of savings and insurance for citizens who wish to insure for a further supplement.

Occupations, age and gender: Men and women’s earnings in the Irish labour market

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-295
Author(s):  
Tom Turner ◽  
Christine Cross ◽  
Caroline Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

While many studies investigate gender wage disparities, few have examined the impact of gender, education, part-time working and sector on earnings for men and women across different occupational groups and for different age groups. The purpose of this article is to undertake a more nuanced approach to further our understanding of the gender pay difference between men and women in different occupations in order to tackle and close this gap. The study’s findings suggest that the labour market is segmented into primary and secondary jobs. Additionally, the earnings returns for education are generally lower for women compared to men and women appear to fare better in the public sector in terms of a lower earnings gap for full-time and part-time employees and higher returns for education compared to women working in the private sector. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications.

scholarly journals Family Life Courses, Gender, and Mid-Life Earnings

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marika Jalovaara ◽  
Anette Eva Fasang
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Stable Marriage ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Married Mothers ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract There is a long-standing debate on whether extensive Nordic family policies have the intended equalizing effect on family and gender differences in economic outcomes. This article compares how the combination of family events across the life course is associated with annual and accumulated earnings at mid-life for men and women in an egalitarian Nordic welfare state. Based on Finnish register data (N = 12,951), we identify seven typical family life courses from ages 18 to 39 and link them to mid-life earnings using sequence and cluster analysis and regression methods. Earnings are highest for the most normative family life courses that combine stable marriage with two or more children for men and women. Mid-life earnings are lowest for unpartnered mothers and never-partnered childless men. Earnings gaps by family lives are small among women but sizeable among men. Gender disparities in earnings are remarkably high, particularly between men and women with normative family lives. These gaps between married mothers and married fathers remain invisible when looking only at motherhood penalties. Results further highlight a large group of (almost) never-partnered childless men with low earnings who went largely unnoticed in previous research.

Managerial aspiration: do gender and gender role identity make a difference in the Chinese context?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruijuan Zhang ◽  
Shaoping Qiu ◽  
Larry M. Dooley ◽  
Tamim Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Gender Role Identity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Role Conflicts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how gender and gender role identity separately and jointly affect managerial aspirations. Design/methodology/approach The study was cross-sectional in nature. Survey data were collected from Chinese Government sectors. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the research hypotheses. Findings The results showed that gender role identity and combination of gender and gender role identity predict management aspirations while gender alone does not affect management aspirations. Androgynous individuals self-reported higher scores of managerial aspirations. Female managers who perceive themselves as androgynous and masculine tend to possess higher management aspirations. However, when they perceive themselves to exhibit feminine traits, they are more likely to hold lower management aspirations. Moreover, male managers with androgynous and feminine traits are inclined to have higher management aspirations. Research limitations/implications Due to cross-sectional survey data, research results may be biased by common method variance. In addition, because of a convenient sample, the research results may lack generalizability. Moreover, with participants from different organizations, the percentage of men and women in the organization and participants’ role conflicts between work and family life would impact the gender role identity of individuals. Future research should control for the gender composition of the workplace and participants’ role conflicts between work and family life. Practical implications The findings can help narrow the gender gap of managerial aspirations through focusing on gender role identity in selecting managers and designing the leadership training program, ultimately resulting in diminishing disparity in top leadership positions between men and women. Originality/value This study examines how gender and gender role identity separately and jointly affects managerial aspirations in the Chinese context.

scholarly journals Career stability in turbulent times: A cross-cohort study of mid-careers in Finland

2021 ◽  
pp. 000169932098342
Author(s):  
Aart-Jan Riekhoff ◽  
Satu Ojala ◽  
Pasi Pyöriä
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Turbulent Times ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regression Decomposition ◽  
Career Stability

In this article, we investigate whether the mid-career stability of Finnish men and women has changed for the birth cohorts 1958 to 1972 and, if so, what the driving forces are behind such changes. We analyse career stability during a 15-year period following the age of 30 using ‘career turbulence’ indicators. To identify the impact of cyclical and structural changes in the labour market, we analyse the association between initial employment status and sector with subsequent career stability. We distinguish between sectors that are exposed to a greater or lesser extent to global competition, those that are characterised by goods production or service provision, and those that are part of the market or non-market sector. In a series of OLS regression and regression decomposition analyses, we also control for the impact of education, regional unemployment and family-formation processes. The results show little change in mid-career stability across cohorts. Stability increased somewhat when only including transitions between employment and non-employment, whereas slight destabilisation was observed when accounting for changes between jobs. The findings indicate that the small changes in stability across cohorts were mostly driven by structural changes in the labour market, albeit with different mechanisms for men and women.

scholarly journals How Different Parental Leave Schemes Create Different Take-Up Patterns: Denmark in Nordic Comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Rostgaard ◽  
Anders Ejrnæs
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
European Values

The prevailing gender ideologies in the Nordic countries generally support the equal division of work and family life between men and women, including the equal sharing of parental leave. Regardless, as the exceptional case in the Nordic region, Denmark currently has no father’s quota, and this despite the strong impact such policy has effectively proven to have on gender equality in take-up of parental leave. While a quota intended for the father is instead implemented in Denmark via collective agreements, this is mainly available for fathers in more secure labour market positions. This situates Danish fathers, mothers and their children very unequally regarding parental leave entitlements, and the existing inequalities continue across gender, social class and labour market positions. This article explores to what extent institutional variables vis-à-vis cultural explanations such as gender attitudes provide an understanding of why Danish fathers take less parental leave than other Nordic fathers. We use data from the European Values Study (1990‒2017) as well as administrative data for fathers’ parental leave take-up in the same period, relative to the other Nordics and for specific education backgrounds. We conclude that Danish men and women are even more supportive of gender equality in terms of work‒family life sharing compared to other Nordic countries. This indicates that institutional conditions such as parental leave entitlement matter for leave take-up, but in the Danish case attitudes do less so. Not having a father’s quota seems to affect fathers disproportionally across the education divide, and the lower parental leave take-up among Danish men with little education is primarily ascribed to their labour market insecurity. The policy implication is clear: If we want mothers and fathers with different social backgrounds to share parental leave more equally, the policy must change—not attitudes.

Themed Issue on Gender and Individualisation

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Lewis ◽  
Fran Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Provision ◽  
And Gender

There are many debates about individualisation. In this section of the journal we are most concerned to probe the nature of the concept itself and how it is gendered, and the extent to which ideas about individualisation are underpinning the extensive restructuring of social provision that has been going on in welfare states during the last decade. As a set of processes, individualisation has major implications for family formation, labour supply and gender equality. There is some evidence that policymakers' assumptions about the progress of individualisation are outrunning changes in behaviour on the part of both men and women, with particularly serious implications for women. There is also some evidence that other policy developments may lag behind women's aspirations for greater autonomy or impede their efforts to achieve greater economic independence.

Equal opportunities policies for women and men : a critical analysis of the 1998-1999 Employment Action Plans

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Séverine Lemière ◽  
Rachel Silvera
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexual Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination In Employment

Equal opportunities for men and women are one of the express objectives of the employment guidelines. Apart from measures to combat sexual discrimination in employment (unemployment, earnings, occupational segregation, etc.), it is now a declared objective to introduce an integrated approach through mainstreaming, making equality cut across all the employment pillars. This article seeks to highlight the innovative measures taken in this field and the advances as compared to 1998, but also to show where ground has been lost and where the various European plans are silent. The article falls into two main parts. We begin by looking at Guidelines 20 and 21, which are characterised by the importance they give to reconciling work and family life through specific new measures affecting the labour market. We then describe in detail the different approaches developed by the European countries to the concept of mainstreaming and draw up a typology of them, which will be something original since it does not entirely follow the traditional divides (between northern and southern countries, etc.).

scholarly journals “It was a Hard Life”:Class and Gender in the Work and Family Rhythms of a Railway Town, 1920‑1950

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-279
Author(s):  
Mark Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Working Class Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Many ◽  
Men's Experience

Abstract Most social histories of the working class have focussed on women's or men's experience alone. However, while studies of working-class women have often been sensitive to the way in which class and gender relationships are constructed and reconstructed simultaneously, histories of working-class men have been largely gender-blind. In an attempt to provide a more comprehensive understanding of gender-based divisions in the working-class experience this study examines the relationship between male and female work worlds in the railway ward of Barrie, Ontario between 1920 and 1950. Based primarily on oral history, this paper argues that the class and gender conditions and relations of the period set limits to what was available and possible for the men and women of the railway ward. In most families, husbands were breadwinners and wives were full-time homemakers. This pattern was the response of railroad families to the constraints created by the gender division of wage work, railway labour rhythms, the prevailing conditions of reproductive labour, and the ideology of patriarchy. None the less, railroaders and their wives also made choices within the limitations of their lives. These choices had different implications for the men and women of the community. The strategies men and women adopted for survival and well-being also began to change over the period, both altering as well as being changed by the constraints they faced. As conditions changed, concepts of masculinity and femininity which informed their strategies began to shift — but not dramatically. The experience of the railway community revealed that the construction of gender identities was a complex and contradictory process. Indeed, the historical literature on the social construction of gender has really only began to grapple with the many dimensions which comprised that process.

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