scholarly journals Modelling the residual N effect of slurry applied to maize land on dairy farms in the Netherlands

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Schroder ◽  
H. Van Keulen
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Mineralization Rate ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Residual N Effect

The decomposition rate of soil organic N was estimated from data of a long-term field experiment and used in a simulation model. Subsequently, the model was used to estimate the effects of Dutch manuring practice on maize land. The time course of the N mineralization rate was estimated for three scenarios: (i) following actual manure applications which have declined with time (scenario A); (ii) assuming continuous applications in accordance with the present and anticipated legislation (scenario P); (iii) assuming annual applications of 200 kg mineral fertilizer N/ha only (scenario M). The actual mineralization rate (following scenario A) in 1995 was estimated at 23-31 kg N/ha higher than when manure had been applied at moderate rates (following scenario P). Corresponding estimates for the year 2005 were 18-19 kg N/ha per year. The calculations suggest that it may be difficult to maintain soil organic N pools with mineral fertilizer only. Consequently, the mineralization rate following scenario M decreased with time as did the yields of silage maize. The magnitude of the residual effect indicates that there is need and scope for fine tuning of N fertilizer recommendations. The simple model used seems suitable for exploring the magnitude of the residual effect of manures.

Residual effect of long-term applications of farmyard manure to silage maize

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dilz ◽  
J. Postmus ◽  
W. H. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Silage Maize

Short-term and residual contribution of selected elemental S fertilizers to the S fertility of two Luvisolic soils

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Janzen ◽  
R. E. Karamanos
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Residual Contribution ◽  
Term Maintenance ◽  
S Fertilizers

A 3-yr program was carried out in central Alberta to evaluate the immediate and residual contributions of various fertilizer sulfur sources to the pool of plant-available sulfate in soil. Three elemental sulfur products, a finely-divided suspension and two elemental sulfur + bentonite products, and ammonium sulfate were applied at various rates (0–120 kg S ha−1) in factorial arrangement with various supplemental rates of sulfate (0–40 kg S ha−1). Temporal patterns of plant-available sulfur release varied significantly among fertilizer S sources, suggesting different agronomic niches for the various forms. While ammonium sulfate and the finely divided S suspension provided almost immediate correction of S deficiency, the S-bentonite products appeared be better suited to long-term maintenance of soil S fertility. The relatively slow release of plant-available S in the latter products was attributed to ineffective dispersion of the products in the soil. These slow-release characteristics need to be considered in the formulation of fertilizer recommendations on soils previously amended with S-bentonite products. Key words: Oxidation, plant availability, residual effect, S fertilizers

Evaluation of mineral fertilizer effects in a long-term experiment on a planted sward

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Kádár
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment

Egy műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet 32. évében, 2005-ben vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis) vezérnövényű, nyolckomponensű, pillangós nélküli gyepkeverék termésére, fejlődésére és elemtartalmára. A termőhely mészlepedékes csernozjom talaja a szántott rétegben mintegy 3% humuszt, 3–5% CaCO3-ot és 20–22% agyagot tartalmazott, N és K elemekben közepesen, P és Zn elemekben gyengén ellátottnak minősült. A kísérlet 4N×4P×4K = 64 kezelést×2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület aszályérzékeny. A vizsgált 2005. évben azonban kielégítő mennyiségű (649 mm) csapadék hullott és annak eloszlása is kedvező volt. A gyep telepítése spenót elővetemény után 2000. szeptember 20-án történt gabona sortávra 60 kg·ha–1 vetőmaggal, amelynek 25%-át (15 kg) a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis); 21–21%-át (12,6 kg) a nádképű csenkesz (Festuca arundinacea) és az angol perje (Lolium perenne); 9%-át (5,4 kg) a taréjos búzafű (Agropyron cristatum), valamint 6–6%-át (3,6 kg) a vörös csenkesz (Festuca rubra), a réti komócsin (Phleum pratense), a zöld pántlikafű (Phalaris arundinacea) és a csomós ebír (Dactylis glomerata) tette ki. Főbb eredményeink: – A meghatározó N-trágyázás nyomán a szénatermés 5-szörösére emelkedett a két kaszálással a N-kontrollhoz viszonyítva. A maximális 10 t·ha–1 körüli légszáraz szénahozamokat a 300 kg N·ha–1·év–1 N-adag, valamint a 150 mg·kg–1 körüli AL-P2O5-, illetve 150 mg·kg–1 feletti AL-K2O-tartalom biztosította. Növénydiagnosztikai szempontból a nagy terméshez kötődő optimális elemtartalom 2% körüli N- és K-, illetve 0,2–0,3% P-koncentráció volt a szénában. – A két kaszálással felvett minimum (a 2 t·ha–1 körüli szénatermést adó N-kontroll) és maximum (a 10 t·ha–1 körüli szénahozamú, nitrogénnel és PK-vel jól ellátott talajok) elemmennyiségek a következőképpen alakultak: N 21–196 kg, K 39–188 kg, Ca 9–48 kg, Mg 4–22 kg, P 6–21 kg. – Az N×P és N×K kölcsönhatások kifejezettebbé váltak a 2. kaszálás idején. A P 0,18–0,55%, a NO3-N 86–1582 mg·kg–1, a Cu 4,7–7,4 mg·kg–1, a Mo 0,7–4,1 mg·kg–1 extrém értékeket jelzett az N×P kezelések függvényében. Az N×K kezelésekben a K 1,44–2,73%, a Mg 0,26–0,39%, a Na 71–2178 mg·kg–1, a Ba 4,1–9,6 mg·kg–1, a Cd 15–44 µg·kg–1 szélsőértékekkel volt jellemezhető. A Sr a 10–26 mg·kg–1 koncentrációtartományban módosult a P×K-ellátottság nyomán. Élettani, takarmányozástani szempontból az indukált kölcsönhatások nyomon követése elengedhetetlen, amennyiben olyan mérvű tápelemhiányok, illetve aránytalanságok jöhetnek létre, melyek anyagcserezavarokat okozhatnak a növényt fogyasztó állatban.

scholarly journals One Year Residual Effect of Sewage Sludge Biochar as a Soil Amendment for Maize in a Brazilian Oxisol

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2226
Author(s):  
Joisman Fachini ◽  
Thais Rodrigues Coser ◽  
Alyson Silva de Araujo ◽  
Ailton Teixeira do Vale ◽  
Keiji Jindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Soil Nutrient Availability ◽  
One Year

The thermochemical transformation of sewage sludge (SS) to biochar (SSB) allows exploring the advantages of SS and reduces possible environmental risks associated with its use. Recent studies have shown that SSB is nutrient-rich and may replace mineral fertilizers. However, there are still some questions to be answered about the residual effect of SSB on soil nutrient availability. In addition, most of the previous studies were conducted in pots or soil incubations. Therefore, the residual effect of SSB on soil properties in field conditions remains unclear. This study shows the results of nutrient availability and uptake as well as maize yield the third cropping of a three-year consecutive corn cropping system. The following treatments were compared: (1) control: without mineral fertilizer and biochar; (2) NPK: with mineral fertilizer; (3) SSB300: with biochar produced at 300 °C; (4) SSB300+NPK; (5) SSB500: with biochar produced at 500 °C; and (6) SSB500+NPK. The results show that SSB has one-year residual effects on soil nutrient availability and nutrient uptake by maize, especially phosphorus. Available soil P contents in plots that received SSB were around five times higher than the control and the NPK treatments. Pyrolysis temperature influenced the SSB residual effect on corn yield. One year after suspending the SSB application, SSB300 increased corn yield at the same level as the application of NPK. SSB300 stood out and promoted higher grain yield in the residual period (8524 kg ha−1) than SSB500 (6886 kg ha−1). Regardless of pyrolysis temperature, biochar boosted the mineral fertilizer effect resulting in higher grain yield than the exclusive application of NPK. Additional long-term studies should be focused on SSB as a slow-release phosphate fertilizer.

scholarly journals Decoding the temporal nature of brain GR activity in the NFκB signal transition leading to depressive-like behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Min Han ◽  
Min Sun Kim ◽  
Juyeong Jo ◽  
Daiha Shin ◽  
Seung-Hae Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Middle Phase ◽  
Temporal Shift

AbstractThe fine-tuning of neuroinflammation is crucial for brain homeostasis as well as its immune response. The transcription factor, nuclear factor-κ-B (NFκB) is a key inflammatory player that is antagonized via anti-inflammatory actions exerted by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). However, technical limitations have restricted our understanding of how GR is involved in the dynamics of NFκB in vivo. In this study, we used an improved lentiviral-based reporter to elucidate the time course of NFκB and GR activities during behavioral changes from sickness to depression induced by a systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge. The trajectory of NFκB activity established a behavioral basis for the NFκB signal transition involved in three phases, sickness-early-phase, normal-middle-phase, and depressive-like-late-phase. The temporal shift in brain GR activity was differentially involved in the transition of NFκB signals during the normal and depressive-like phases. The middle-phase GR effectively inhibited NFκB in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner, but the late-phase GR had no inhibitory action. Furthermore, we revealed the cryptic role of basal GR activity in the early NFκB signal transition, as evidenced by the fact that blocking GR activity with RU486 led to early depressive-like episodes through the emergence of the brain NFκB activity. These results highlight the inhibitory action of GR on NFκB by the basal and activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis during body-to-brain inflammatory spread, providing clues about molecular mechanisms underlying systemic inflammation caused by such as COVID-19 infection, leading to depression.

scholarly journals Microscale Heterogeneous Distribution and Speciation of Phosphorus in Soils Amended with Mineral Fertilizer and Cattle Manure Compost

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Noriko Yamaguchi ◽  
Toshiaki Ohkura ◽  
Atsuko Hikono ◽  
Yohey Hashimoto ◽  
Aomi Suda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Cattle Manure Compost ◽  
High Degree

Global concerns for the sustainability of agriculture have emphasized the need to reduce the use of mineral fertilizer. Although phosphorus (P) is accumulated in farmland soils due to the long-term application of fertilizer, most soil P is not readily available to plants. The chemical speciation of P in soils, which comprise heterogeneous microenvironments, cannot be evaluated with a high degree of specificity using only macroscopic analyses. In this study, we investigated the distribution and speciation of P accumulated in soils by using both macro- and microscopic techniques including chemical extraction, solution and solid-state 31P NMR, bulk- and micro- P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Soil samples were collected from a field in which cabbage was cultivated under three amendment treatments: i) mineral fertilizer (NPK), ii) mineral fertilizer and compost (NPK + compost), and iii) mineral fertilizer plus compost but without nitrogen fertilizer (PK + compost). Macro-scale analyses suggested that accumulated P was predominantly inorganic P and associated with Al-bearing minerals. The repeated application of compost to the soils increased the proportion of P associated with Ca which accounted for 17% in the NPK + compost plot and 40% in the PK + compost plot. At the microscale, hot spots of P were heterogeneously distributed, and P was associated with Fe and Ca in hot spots of the NPK + compost (pH 6) and PK + compost (pH 7) treated samples, respectively. Our results indicate that application of compost contributed to creating diverse microenvironments hosting P in these soils.

Time-course of treatment-emergent adverse events in a long-term safety study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S132-S132
Author(s):  
I. Hernández Otero ◽  
T. Banaschewski ◽  
P. Nagy ◽  
C.A. Soutullo ◽  
A. Zuddas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate ◽  
Safety Population ◽  
First Onset ◽  
Stimulant Medications ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionThe long-term safety and efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was evaluated in a European 2-year, open-label study (SPD489-404).ObjectiveTo evaluate the time-course of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in SPD489-404.MethodsParticipants aged 6–17 years received open-label LDX (30, 50 or 70 mg/day) for 104 weeks (4 weeks dose-optimization; 100 weeks dose-maintenance).ResultsAll enrolled participants (n = 314) were included in the safety population and 191 (60.8%) completed the study. TEAEs occurred in 282 (89.8%) participants; most were mild or moderate. TEAEs considered by the investigators as related to LDX were reported by 232 (73.9%) participants with the following reported for ≥ 10% of participants: decreased appetite (49.4%), weight decreased (18.2%), insomnia (13.1%). TEAEs leading to discontinuation and serious TEAEs occurred in 39 (12.4%) and 28 (8.9%) participants, respectively. The median (range) time to first onset and duration, respectively, of TEAEs identified by the sponsor as being of special interest were: insomnia (insomnia, initial insomnia, middle insomnia, terminal insomnia), 17.0 (1–729) and 42.8 (1–739) days; weight decreased, 29.0 (1–677) and 225.0 (26–724) days; decreased appetite, 13.5 (1–653) and 169.0 (1–749) days; headache, 22.0 (1–718) and 2.0 (1–729) days. Reports of insomnia, weight decreased, decreased appetite and headache were highest in the first 4–12 weeks.ConclusionsTEAEs associated with long-term LDX treatment were characteristic of stimulant medications, with the greatest incidence observed during the first 4–12 weeks.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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