Deposition of sprayed drops in soybean in function of sowing spacing

To reach all parts of the plants can be a difficult achievement faced by the drops in several crops. Strategies in crop management such as an increment in the plant spacing can contribute to the spray application's success. This study aimed to evaluate the droplets deposition in soybean, using three different spray nozzles and application rate, in two soybean rows spacing. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a split-plot scheme. The plots were the interrow spacing (0.45 and 0.76 m), the subplots were the spray nozzles (JA-2 and Magno 11002 BD), and the sub-subplots were the application rate (120, 200 and 280 L ha-1). Droplets coverage was evaluated in the upper, middle and lower thirds of soybean plants. Water-sensitive papers were installed in the adaxial part of plant leaves to analyze the spray technology and evaluated using E-Sprinkle® software. Spraying was performed in plants at the R5.3 soybean stage. This experiment evaluated the following parameters: the volume median diameter, the density of droplets per cm2, the droplet coverage area, and the droplet percentage less than 150 µm. The increase in the soybean row spacing combined with the spray volume increase provided greater droplet coverage in the middle third in soybean crop. The Magno 11002 BD droplet nozzle provided the higher droplet coverage in the row spacing of 0.76 m. The spray rate of 280 L ha-1 provided the highest density of droplets per cm2 in the lower third and greater coverage in the middle-third.

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INSECTICIDE APPLICATION SPEED IN THE CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS IN SOYBEAN1

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252020v33n108rc ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 72-80

Author(s):

LENIO CESAR MORAES DE CAMARGO ◽

DANILO DE BRITO GARCIA ◽

OTÁVIO JORGE GRÍGOLI ABI SAAB ◽

AMARILDO PASINI ◽

DANILO AUGUSTO SARTI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Control ◽

General Rule ◽

Leaf Damage ◽

Application Technology ◽

Spray Volume ◽

The Difference ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Efficacy Parameters ◽

Great Damage ◽

Chrysodeixis Includens

ABSTRACT During the chemical control of pests, diseases and weeds, great importance is given to the phytosanitary product and little attention to the application technology. The control of soybean pests did not escape the general rule and, therefore, some pests known as secondary, and even nonexistent, became responsible for great damage to the soybean crop. The objective of this work was to test the application of insecticide at different speeds (5 and 16 km h-1) by varying the rates of application in 108 to 110 and 199 to 216 L ha-1 to quantify the difference in the coverage percentage of the applied insecticide in the canopy of soybean plants, and to verify the interaction of these factors with efficacy parameters for the control of caterpillars (Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis includens). In general, the highest leaf coverage by the insecticide was observed in the upper part of the canopy, regardless of the rate and speed of application, resulting in lower leaf damage. For the middle and lower thirds of the plant, the decrease in speed influenced more the decrease in leaf damage by the caterpillars than the increase in the spray volume.

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PLANT SPACING, COLD TREATMENT, AND FLOWER VIBRATION INFLUENCE ON GREENHOUSE TOMATO PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.7.732c ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 732c-732

Author(s):

Benjamin G. Mullinix ◽

Sharad C. Phatak ◽

Janet Cooper

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Unit Area ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Fruit Number ◽

Tomato Cultivars

Six tomato cultivars [Hotset, Petra, Stella, Big-O, Tropic, & Monte Carlo (fresh market)] were grown in a greenhouse in 1979 from July through November in 3 experiments. Exp. 1: The first two cultivars were used in a 15 cm, 30 cm, or 45 cm in-row spacing with rows spaced 60 cm apart. Cumulative fruit number and weight per unit area declined with increasing in-row spacing. Exp. 2: The first four cultivars were subjected to either cold or no cold treatment during germination before transplanting. No differences were found between the two treatments for mean fruit weight or total fruit number. Exp. 3: The last two cultivars were subjected to both the cold treatment and flower vibration. Cumulative fruit weight was greater for vibrated flowers. Greater mean fruit weight occurred earlier with cold treatment and declined significantly later in season, and was more pronounced in Tropic than Monte Carlo.

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Plant Spatial Arrangement Affects Growth, Yield, and Pod Distribution of Cayenne Peppers

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.3.149 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 149-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Dennis R. Decoteau ◽

Heather A. Hatt Graham

Keyword(s):

Growth Yield ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Plant Population ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Plant Canopy ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Population Densities ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Single Row ◽

Pepper Plants

The effect of planting population density (as a function of in-row plant spacing and number of rows per bed) on the growth, yield, and pod distribution of cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. cv. Carolina Cayenne) was investigated in a 2-year study. In 1988, 15 -, 30-, 45-, and 60-cm in-row spacings in a single row were evaluated, and in 198915 -,30-, and 60-cm in-row spacings in single and double rows were evaluated. Plant population densities at these respective spacings ranged from≈ 11,100 to 44,400 and 11,100 to 88,900 plants/ha. In 1988, pepper plants grown at the highest density (15-cm in-row spacing, 44,400 plant/ha) produced less fruit per plant but more fruit per hectare than those grown in lower densities. In 1989, yields with either a 15-cm in-row spacing in a single row or a 30-cm in-row spacing in double rows (both with 44,400 plants/ha) were higher than in the others. In general, less fruit were located in the lower part of the plant canopy when planted in higher plant population densities.

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Effect of Plant Spacing on Yield and Yield Components of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars at Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia

International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review ◽

10.20546/ijcrar.2021.901.010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 103-125

Author(s):

Taye Buke Tsigereda Asefa ◽

Woldemariam Woelore

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Tuber Yield ◽

Potato Cultivars ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Marketable Tuber ◽

Main Effect ◽

Yield And Yield Components ◽

Wolaita Sodo

Potato is a very important food and cash crop in Ethiopia, especially in the high and mid altitude areas. It is important to choose and adjust potato cultivars with appropriate population per unit area to get for better yield and quality. This experiment was conducted with the objective to determine appropriate plant spacing for different potato cultivar at Wolaita Sodo during belg cropping season. The experiment was arranged in a Factorial combination of three plant spacing (60 x 30, 75, x 30 and 90x 30 cm), and four potato cultivars (Belete, Gudene, Chala and Local) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that both the main effect of cultivars and plant spacing significantly (P < 0.05) affected yield and yield components of potato while their interaction is non-significant (P > 0.05) for most of the parameters considered. Days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, leaf area index, total tuber yield (TTY), average tuber weight per plant, marketable tuber yield (MTY),unmarketable tuber numbers, dry matter content and harvest index were significantly affected by main effect of cultivar and plant spacing. Days to 50% emergency and stem number per hill were influenced only by the main effect cultivar. Whereas, marketable tuber numbers and total tuber numbers were significantly affected by the interaction effects of cultivars and plant spacing .Total tuber yield 34.40 t/ha) and marketable tuber yield (29.31 t/ha) of cultivar Gudene were significantly higher than TTY (23.71 t/ha) and MTY (18.43 t/ha) of Local cultivars. Cultivar Gudene produced 45.08%, 17.96% and 6.6 % more TTY over Local, Chala and Belete respectively. However, the result was statistically in par with cultivar Belete. Cultivar Gudene and Belete produced more than one fold MTY over Local cultivar. Regarding spacing, the highest total tuber and marketable tuber yield recorded from 60cm inter row spacing and the lowest from 90cm and 75cm inter row spacing resulted intermediate yield. Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded Gudane and Belete cultivars at a plant spacing of 60 x 30 cm and 75 x 30 cm resulted in highest marketable tuber yield could be recommended to potato growers in the study.

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Aplikasi Jenis Pupuk organik terhadap Kadar Hara NPK dan Produksi Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merril) pada Jarak Tanam yang Berbeda di Lahan Pasang Surut

Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal ◽

10.33230/jlso.8.2.2019.428 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 148-158

Author(s):

Neni Marlina ◽

Iin Siti Aminah ◽

Nurbaiti Amir ◽

Rosmiah Rosmiah

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Soybean Production ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Soybean Plants

Marlina N, Aminah IS, Amir N, Rosmiah R. 2019. Application of organic fertilizer types to NPK nutrients levels and soybeans production (Glycine max (L.) Merril) at different planting spaces in tidal land. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands. 8(2):148-158. Tidal lowlands flood type C is suboptimal land and very potential in cultivating soybean, but it has problems in soil fertility, macro and micro nutrient poor, therefore to increase soil fertility can be given various types of organic fertilizers, including cow manure organic fertilizer, chicken manure organic fertilizer and biofertilizer. All types of organic fertilizers are composted, and specifically biofertilizers are made with their own formula. It is expected that the organic fertilizer provided can increase soil fertility and nutrient availability for soybean plants. This study aimed to get the best type of organic fertilizer on the availability of nutrient levels of NPK and soybean production at different spacing in tidal land. This research was conducted in Jaya Agung Village, Lalan District, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, and was carried out in March 2018 - June 2018. The method used was the experimental method. The design used is a split-plot design. with 9 treatment combinations and repeated 3 times. As the main plot treatment is plant spacing (20 cm x 20 cm, 20 cm x 30 cm and 20 cm x 40 cm), and treatment of subplots are: types of cow manure organic fertilizers 10 ton/ha, chicken manure organic fertilizer 10 ton/ha, and biofertilizer 400 kg/ha. The results showed that the combination treatment of plant spacing of 20 cm x 30 cm with the type of biofertilizer 400 kg/ha could increase soybean production by 9.11 g/plot or equivalent to 2.43 ton/ha.

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Advancing Sustainability in Tree Crop Pest Management: Refining Spray Application Rate with a Laser-guided Variable-rate Sprayer in Apple Orchards

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15056-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1522-1530

Author(s):

Lauren Fessler ◽

Amy Fulcher ◽

Dave Lockwood ◽

Wesley Wright ◽

Heping Zhu

Keyword(s):

Cost Savings ◽

Application Rate ◽

Variable Rate ◽

Spray Application ◽

Laser Rangefinder ◽

Pesticide Application ◽

Nontarget Organisms ◽

Sensing Technology ◽

Spray Rate ◽

Deposit Density

Advanced variable-rate spray technology, which applies pesticides based on real-time scanning laser rangefinder measurements of plant presence, size, and density, was developed and retrofitted to existing sprayers. Experiments were conducted to characterize the application of four programmed spray rates (0.03, 0.05, 0.07, or 0.09 L·m−3 of crop geometric volume) when applied to Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees using this crop sensing technology. Water-sensitive cards (WSCs) were used as samplers to quantify spray coverage, deposits, and deposit density in the target and nontarget areas, and an overspray index based on a threshold of greater than 30% coverage was calculated. The application rate ranged from 262 L·ha−1 at the programmed spray rate of 0.03 L·m−3 to 638 L·ha−1 at the rate of 0.09 L·m−3. For a given WSC position, spray coverage and deposits increased as the spray rate increased. WSC positions 1 and 2 were oversprayed at all rates. The effect of spray rate on deposit density varied with WSC positions, with high densities achieved by low spray rates for WSCs closest to the sprayer but by high spray rates for WSCs positioned either deeper within or under the canopy. When coalescing deposits were accounted for, deposit densities met or exceeded the recommended pesticide application thresholds (insecticides 20–30 droplets/cm2; fungicides 50–70 droplets/cm2) at all WSC positions for each spray rate tested. The lowest spray rate reduced off-target loss to the orchard floor by 81% compared with the highest rate, dramatically reducing potential exposure to nontarget organisms, such as foraging pollinators, to come into contact with pesticide residues. Applying the lowest rate of 0.03 L·m−3 met deposit density efficacy levels while reducing spray volume by 83% compared with the orchard standard application of 1540 L·ha−1 and by 87% compared with the 1950 L·ha−1 application rate recommended when using the tree row volume method. Thus, there is potential for growers to refine pesticide application rates to further achieve significant pesticide cost savings. Producers of other woody crops, such as nursery, citrus, and grapes, who use air-assisted sprayers, may be able to achieve similar savings by refining pesticide applications through the use of laser rangefinder-based spray application technology.

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Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of winged bean

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v72i2.7846 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 273-276

Author(s):

C. T. Lee

Keyword(s):

Winged Bean ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Agricultural Experiment Station ◽

Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽

Experiment Station ◽

Agricultural Experiment

The effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.) cultivar Chimbu was evaluated at Guam Agricultural Experiment Station. Plant spacings included 12.5, 25.0, 50.0 and 75.0 cm within-row at the same between-row spacing of 1.22 m (equivalent to 13,333, 20,000, 40,000 and 80,000 plants/ha, respectively). Days to first flower in closest spacing (12.5 cm) was significantly delayed 8 days longer than that from widest spacing (75 cm). Wider spacings of 50 and 75 cm produced higher numbers of basal branches (3.6 and 3.8, respectively) and green pods per plant (65.3 and 83.3, respectively) than closer spacings of 12.5 and 25 cm. For yields both of green pod and dry seed the optimum spacings were plant spacings of 50 and 75 cm. The result of higher yields indicated that cultivar Chimbu compensated for wider spacings by producing higher numbers of basal branches and green pods and larger green pods than at closer spacings.

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Yield in Nonpungent Jalapeño Pepper Established at Different In-row Spacings

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2018 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 2018-2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vincent M. Russo

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Total Yield ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Marketable Fruit

It is not known how plant spacing affects fresh yield in transplanted nonpungent jalapeño peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Transplants of a nonpungent jalapeño, cv. Pace 105, were established at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 cm between plants in mid-April of 2006 and 2007 and in early July in 2007. Fruit were harvested once when 5% of marketable-sized pods in rows were red. Distance to first flower and yield characteristics were determined. Fruit were culled based on pod size and presence of blemishes. Height on the stem to the first flower averaged 15.8 cm over all treatments. Plants in the Spring 2006 season had the highest marketable and cull yields. Numbers of marketable fruit/ha were higher at the 8-cm spacing than at the 40- or 48-cm in-row spacings. There was little difference in marketable yield as a result of in-row spacing. The greatest number of cull fruit per plant was on plants spaced 48 cm apart. Plant spacing had no effect on number of cull fruit or cull yield/ha. Culls accounted for ≈22% of total yield. Individual cull fruit weights were ≈50% less than for marketable fruit. Spacings tested did not appear to greatly affect development or yield of this pepper. This will allow producers to have the option of either using fewer plants on the same amount of land or more plants on less land without much reduction of quantity or quality of yield.

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Spray volume distribution pattern and droplet size spectrum from ceramic nozzles

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n11p804-809 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 804-809

Author(s):

Mateus P. Massola ◽

Vandoir Holtz ◽

Marcos P. de O. Martins ◽

Anderson da S. Umbelino ◽

Elton F. dos Reis

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Droplet Size ◽

Size Spectrum ◽

Target Coverage ◽

Volume Distribution ◽

Working Pressure ◽

Median Diameter ◽

Spray Volume ◽

Test Table

ABSTRACT Droplet size spectrum and uniformity of spray volume distribution are important parameters for selecting spray nozzles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the average spray volume distribution and droplet size spectrum from ceramic nozzles. The spray volume distribution pattern was evaluated on a test table for hydraulic spray nozzles using spray heights of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 m, and working pressures of 500, 600, and 700 kPa. Computer simulations were used to analyze the spray volume distribution using arrangements of bar heights, working pressures, and spacing between spray nozzles in a bar of 12 m. The droplet size spectrum from the spray nozzles was evaluated using a randomized complete experimental design in a 2 × 3 split-plot arrangement consisting of two types of nozzles (ATR-1.0, and TVI-800075) and three working pressures (500, 600, and 700 kPa), with four replications. The uniformity of spray volume distribution was improved when using ATR-1.0 spray nozzles spaced 0.4 or 0.6 m apart, regardless of the working pressure. Regarding the droplet size spectrum, the volume median diameter decreased with increasing the working pressure for both types of nozzles, reaching 210 μm (ATR-1.0) and 483 μm (TVI-800075). Contrastingly, the percentage of droplets with diameter smaller than 100 μm increased with increasing working pressure; the target coverage presented the same trend, with 8.4% of coverage when using ATR nozzles with working pressure of 700 kPa.

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Integrated Role of Row Spacing and Adjuvant to Reduce Herbicide Dose in Maize Under Semi-Arid Conditions

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582018360100037 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (0) ◽

Author(s):

M.A. NADEEM ◽

T. ABBAS ◽

F. BASHIR ◽

R. MAQBOOL

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Application Rate ◽

Effective Control ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Alkyl Ether ◽

Net Income ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT: Crop row spacing adjustment and adjuvants have a significant role in decreasing herbicide cost and environmental damage by reducing herbicide application rate. A field study was conducted to assess the impact of two row spacing values and reduced herbicide rates along with adjuvant on weeds in maize in 2014 and 2015. The experiment consisted of atrazine plus mesotrione plus halosulfuran methyl (pre-mixed herbicide) at label rate (719.2 g a.i. ha-1); reduced rates of 75% (539.4 g a.i. ha-1) and 50% (359.6 g a.i. ha-1) alone and in combination with alkyl ether sulphate at 396.8 mL ha-1 as an adjuvant along with weedy check in maize sown at 60 and 75 cm row spacing. Alkyl ether sulphate increased weed control efficacy (13-35%) of the pre-mixed herbicide. Herbicide along with adjuvant provided effective weed control at 60 cm as compared to 75 cm apart sown maize. The most effective control of weeds, and increase in maize grain yield (33-45% as compared to non-treated control) and net income were obtained by the pre-mixed herbicide at 539.4 g a.i. ha-1 (75% of recommended rate) with adjuvant and pre-mixed herbicide at 719.2 g a.i. ha-1 (recommended dose) without adjuvant. The results revealed that the rate of pre-mixed herbicide can be reduced by up to 25% of the recommended field rate by the addition of alkyl ether sulphate as an adjuvant at 60 cm row spacing of maize to increase maize yield and net income.

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