scholarly journals Les soldats inconnus de la bataille romantique. La fonction des « petits romantiques » dans l'histoire littéraire

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Leroy-Terquem
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Minor Literature ◽  
Special Unit ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
French Romanticism

La métaphore de l’armée romantique sous-tend le discours tenu sur le romantisme par les chroniqueurs, mémorialistes et historiens de la littérature tout au long du XIXe siècle : dans cette armée, une place singulière est faite aux soldats inconnus ou oubliés qui seront ensuite regroupés sous l’appellation de « petits romantiques ». L’analyse de l’évolution de cette métaphore militaire dans le discours historique permet de voir comment l’histoire littéraire, telle qu’elle est théorisée et pratiquée au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, envisage le rôle des auteurs romantiques secondaires et, plus largement, quelle fonction elle octroie à la littérature mineure.AbstractThroughout the 19th century, the metaphor of the “Romantic army” was used by historians, chroniclers and critics of literature to underlie a certain discourse on French Romanticism: if the movement itself was an army, then its unknown and forgotten soldiers would be relegated to a special unit known as the “petits romantiques”.  By analyzing the evolution of this military metaphor in the theory and practice of 19th and 20th century literary history, it’s possible to distinguish the role that history has assigned to second rate Romantic authors, as well as the overall place that has been granted to minor literature.

Abortion and Infanticide

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Public Defense ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of infanticide and abortion in Latin America has garnered increasing attention in the past two decades. Particularities of topic and temporal focus characterize this work and shape this bibliography’s geographic organization. Mexico possesses the most developed scholarship in both the colonial and modern periods. There, tracing of the persistence of pre-Conquest Indigenous medical knowledge and the endurance of paraprofessional obstetrical practitioners through the colonial era and into the 19th century features prominently and echoes some of the scholarship examining European midwives’ administration of plant-based abortifacients in the medieval and Early Modern eras. This topic plays a role, but a much less prominent one in scholarship on Colombia, Peru, and Brazil. Scholars of Brazil, the Caribbean, and circum-Caribbean have focused in particular on the issue of enslaved mothers’ commission of infanticide and abortion on their own children in the 18th and 19th centuries, a particularly fraught issue in the context of the abolition of the slave trade. A central assumption in much scholarship on the 19th-century professionalization (and masculinization) of obstetrical medicine is that the marginalization of midwives entailed a reduction in women’s access to abortion, although this position has been challenged in some recent scholarship on 19th-century Mexico in particular. The examination of the ways that the new republics perceived the crimes of infanticide and abortion in their legal codes, judicial processes, and in community attitudes is a central focus of 19th- and 20th-century scholarship. Scholars have remarked upon the considerable uniformity across all regions of a paucity of denunciations or convictions in the first half of the 19th century and the rise of criminal trials for both crimes in its last three decades. This change coincided (although no one has argued been provoked by) many countries’ issuance of national penal codes in the 1870s and 1880s. This intensification of persecution also coincided with the Catholic church’s articulation of an explicit condemnation of abortion (Pius IX’s 1869 bull Apostolicae Sedis), although demonstrating the concrete implications of this decree to the Latin American setting remains a task yet to be undertaken. Historians of both abortion and infanticide have also concentrated on defendant motives and defenses in criminal investigations. While some highlight defendants’ economic desperation, most scholars argue that the public defense of female sexual honor was a crucial motivator, which courts understood as a legitimate concern in 19th- and even mid-20th-century trials. Scholarship on 20th-century infanticide and abortion history continues to concentrate on fluctuations in attitudes toward honor, gender, and the family as influences on criminal codes and especially judicial sentencing for both acts, and toward the late 20th century on feminist efforts to decriminalize abortion that have met with varied success across countries.

19th and 20th century theories of case

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cienki
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.

Comment présenter un phonème moribond: L’ancienlmouillé français vu par les hispanophones

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-98
Author(s):  
Manuel Bruña Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle ◽  
Donne Lieu ◽  
Langue Maternelle

SUMMARY During the 19th century the old palatallof French (in, e.g.,travailler,travail,fille) definitively gave way to /j/. During about the same period Spanish underwent a similar evolution, but the process of substitution of /j/ for /ʎ/ found itself in a less advanced stage than in French; indeed, certain varieties of present-day Spanish still maintain these two phonemes. Taking all the works together which during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century were addressed to the teaching of French to speakers of Spanish, the author concentrates his attention on the difficulties that the authors encountered when presenting this dying or already deceased phoneme (namely, the palatallof French) to an audience which, although it still possessed this phoneme in their own language, had begun to find it difficult to distinguish the diverse phonetic realizations that the Spanish /j/ was acquiring. As is shown in this study, the time difference in the evolution of this phenomenon of dephonologization in French and, with some delay, also in Spanish led the authors of these textbooks to misunderstandings and errors in the treatment of the disappearing or vanished former palatallof French.RÉSUMÉ Au XIXe siècle, l’ancienlpalatal du français (travailler,travail,fille) laissait définitivement sa place à /j/. L’espagnol subissait, vers la même époque, une évolution similaire, mais le processus de substitution de /j/ à /ʎ/ se trouvait dans cette langue bien moins avancé qu’en français; de fait, certaines variétés de l’espagnol actuel possèdent encore les deux phonèmes. En prenant comme corpus l’ensemble des ouvrages destinés à l’apprentissage du français par les hispanophones au XIXe siècle et dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, nous centrons fondamentalement notre attention sur les difficultés qu’ont éprouvées leurs auteurs à présenter un phonème moribond ou déjà mort (lpalatal français) à un public qui, quoique le possédant encore dans sa langue maternelle, avait lui aussi de plus en plus de mal à le distinguer des diverses réalisations phoniques qu’adopte le /j/ espagnol. Le décalage temporel entre l’évolution de ce phénomène de déphonologisation en français et en espagnol donne lieu chez nos auteurs à des malentendus et à des erreurs d’appréciation que nous passons en revue dans cet article.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im 19. Jahrhundert überläßt der alte Palatalldes Französischen (travailler,travail,fille) definitiv seinen Platz dem Phonem /j/. Im Spanischen erfolgt um die gleiche Zeit eine ähnliche Entwicklung, wobei allerdings der Wandel von /j/ zu /ʎ/ nicht so weit fortgeschritten ist. Daher haben einige Varietäten des Spanischen heute noch beide Varianten des Phonems. Bei einem Corpus, das die Gesamtheit der Französischlehrbücher für Spanier des 19. Jahrunderts umfaßt, konzentrieren wir uns auf die Schwierigkeiten, welche ihre Autoren bei der Präsentation eines untergehenden (bzw. bereits untergegangenen) Phonems für ein Publikum hatten, welches ebenfalls immer größere Schwierigkeiten hatte, die unterschiedlichen Realisierungen des Phonems /j/ in seiner eigenen Sprache getrennt wahrzunehmen. Die Phasenverschiebung bei der Entphonologisierung im Französischen und im Spanischen führt bei den Verfassern zu Mißverständnissen und Irrtümern, welche in dem Beitrag analysiert werden.

scholarly journals Nepali Intellectuals in Exile: The History of Nepali Printing in 19th- and 20th-Century Benares

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-59
Author(s):  
Alaka Atreya Chudal
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Special Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Indian Cities

Abstract Restrictions on the freedom of speech and press, along with the unavailability of competitive printing solutions in Nepal under the Rana regime, caused the centre of gravity of scholarly activities to shift to India. A number of Nepali intellectuals, who came from a variety of backgrounds and had various reasons for having migrated to India, were involved in writing and publishing starting by the end of the 19th century. In those days Benares had few if any peers among Indian cities as a centre of local traditions of education and Sanskrit learning, and as a spiritual, economic and literary destination for Nepalis. Benares, which occupies a special place in Nepali history for its immense contribution to the country’s cultural, social, literary and political evolution, was also the main hub of Nepali print entrepreneurs. This article will delve into early such entrepreneurs and an array of Nepali printing activities in Benares before 1950.

scholarly journals Transformations des relations entre médecine et activités physiques du début du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle en France

Gesnerus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Jacques Defrance ◽  
Pascal Brier ◽  
Taieb El Boujjoufi
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Physical Educators ◽  
Physical Educator ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Activités Physiques ◽  
Xixe Siècle

In order to understand the modes of cooperation that are practically working between two groups with uneven social status, physicians and physical educators, since the beginning of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century, we consider the results of researches that have been realized since three decennials. The evolution of those relationships accomplishes itself while the definition of respective roles (physician hygienist, physical educator with sanitary conception) and the reciprocal adjustment of specialities are becoming more precise. The process is tight, and the adaptations of the respective tasks are continuously retranslated in terms of statuary dimensions and protection of respective jurisdictions of both groups in the process of professionalization.

scholarly journals The New Man in Spanish American Essay and Literature at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Century

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1(64)) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Nina Pluta
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
New Man ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper aims to show how the “New Man” was defined in different literary and political conceptions that abounded in Spanish American culture at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Although both Americas were perceived through the stereotype of newness from the very beginning of the colonial era, it is at the end of the 19th century when the necessity to integrate the extremely heteregenous Spanish American societies brought forth a variety of renewal propositions. Focused on the spiritual or economic aspects of a given social or ethnic group (the elites, implicitly white, for Rodó or the working classes, mostly Indian, for the Indigenistas), those conceptions were not able to provide overall solutions for the Spanish American republics, struggling with a deepening neocolonial dependency. Nevertheless, many tendencies and formulas defined in that period – idealistic or politically subversive – have survived through the 20th century and resurfaced in new forms (e.g. the nuevo hombre bolivariano in Venezuela at the beginning of 21st century).

A European Profile of American Architecture

1978 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-282
Author(s):  
Arnold Lewis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Columbian Exposition ◽  
American Architecture ◽  
Vantage Points ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
National Architecture

European criticism of American architecture was superficial and condescending until the last quarter of the 19th century. After the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876 the quantity of studies increased slowly, but only by 1885 was a corresponding rise in quality noticeable. From this year through the wake of the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893, European architects and critics, particularly in London, Paris, and Berlin, studied closely the approaches and practices of architects in the United States and discussed their merits vigorously. For many, American work became a model of sensible, contemporary methodology and design, offering clues to the possible nature of architecture in the 20th century. For others, the buildings of the United States proved the cultural superiority of the "senior nations" of the Old World. If the value of American architecture was uncertain to Europeans, its characteristics were not. They treated it as a definable entity with recognizable traits, a distinctive national architecture distinguishable both in theory and practice from European work in general and their nation's work in particular. This body of criticism reveals those aspects of design Europeans considered typically American. Because they approached this architecture with presuppositions and assumptions shaped by European experiences, visitors frequently saw artistic and practical features hidden to or discounted by native commentators. They often discovered characteristics that American professionals did not consciously regard as characteristics. Their dissimilar vantage points and their need for comprehendible explanations encouraged them to risk interpretations of relationships between causes and final form; they attempted to explain why the Americans built as they did.

scholarly journals Antônio José, uma tragédia fora de hora? / Antônio José, a tragedy out of time?

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Gabriel Esteves
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Modern Drama ◽  
Brazilian Literature ◽  
De Se ◽  
Romantic Drama ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Traditional Evaluation

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é, primeiro, mostrar que a tradicional avaliação da tragédia Antônio José (i. e., que ela peca pelo gênero conservador e pela forma versificada), exaustivamente repetida por inúmeros críticos e historiadores da literatura brasileira ao longo do século XX, não se confirma na prática, pois tragédias continuam existindo ao lado de dramas e melodramas até a segunda metade do século XIX nos dois lados do Atlântico, assim como composições em verso ao lado de outras em prosa. Em seguida, argumenta-se que Antônio José possui, apesar de se proclamar tragédia, inúmeras características ligadas à cena moderna e se insere perfeitamente no projeto romântico-eclético difundido por Gonçalves de Magalhães e outros entusiastas do nosso primeiro romantismo.Palavras-chave: romantismo; ecletismo; drama romântico; história literária.Abstract: The aim of this article is, firstly, to show that the traditional evaluation of the tragedy Antônio José (i.e., that it sins by its conservative genre and versified form), exhaustively repeated by countless critics and historians of Brazilian literature throughout the 20th century, is not confirmed in practice, because tragedies continue to exist alongside dramas and melodramas until the second half of the 19th century on both sides of the Atlantic, as well as verse compositions alongside others in prose. Then, it is argued that Antônio José possesses, despite proclaiming itself a tragedy, numerous characteristics linked to the modern drama and fits perfectly into the romantic-eclectic project spread by Gonçalves de Magalhães and other enthusiasts of our first romanticism.Keywords: romanticism; eclectism; romantic drama; literary history.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

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