19th and 20th century theories of case

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cienki
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.

Abortion and Infanticide

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Public Defense ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of infanticide and abortion in Latin America has garnered increasing attention in the past two decades. Particularities of topic and temporal focus characterize this work and shape this bibliography’s geographic organization. Mexico possesses the most developed scholarship in both the colonial and modern periods. There, tracing of the persistence of pre-Conquest Indigenous medical knowledge and the endurance of paraprofessional obstetrical practitioners through the colonial era and into the 19th century features prominently and echoes some of the scholarship examining European midwives’ administration of plant-based abortifacients in the medieval and Early Modern eras. This topic plays a role, but a much less prominent one in scholarship on Colombia, Peru, and Brazil. Scholars of Brazil, the Caribbean, and circum-Caribbean have focused in particular on the issue of enslaved mothers’ commission of infanticide and abortion on their own children in the 18th and 19th centuries, a particularly fraught issue in the context of the abolition of the slave trade. A central assumption in much scholarship on the 19th-century professionalization (and masculinization) of obstetrical medicine is that the marginalization of midwives entailed a reduction in women’s access to abortion, although this position has been challenged in some recent scholarship on 19th-century Mexico in particular. The examination of the ways that the new republics perceived the crimes of infanticide and abortion in their legal codes, judicial processes, and in community attitudes is a central focus of 19th- and 20th-century scholarship. Scholars have remarked upon the considerable uniformity across all regions of a paucity of denunciations or convictions in the first half of the 19th century and the rise of criminal trials for both crimes in its last three decades. This change coincided (although no one has argued been provoked by) many countries’ issuance of national penal codes in the 1870s and 1880s. This intensification of persecution also coincided with the Catholic church’s articulation of an explicit condemnation of abortion (Pius IX’s 1869 bull Apostolicae Sedis), although demonstrating the concrete implications of this decree to the Latin American setting remains a task yet to be undertaken. Historians of both abortion and infanticide have also concentrated on defendant motives and defenses in criminal investigations. While some highlight defendants’ economic desperation, most scholars argue that the public defense of female sexual honor was a crucial motivator, which courts understood as a legitimate concern in 19th- and even mid-20th-century trials. Scholarship on 20th-century infanticide and abortion history continues to concentrate on fluctuations in attitudes toward honor, gender, and the family as influences on criminal codes and especially judicial sentencing for both acts, and toward the late 20th century on feminist efforts to decriminalize abortion that have met with varied success across countries.

2. From colony to empire to republic

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Unique Path ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
The 19Th Century

‘From colony to empire to republic’ details Brazil’s unique path to statehood and nationhood. Brazil is a relatively recent creation. For more than three centuries, it was a colony of Portugal, and for the first sixty-seven years of its independent history, it was a monarchy and an empire rather than a republic. It is only in the 20th century that Brazil had all three essential components of a modern nation-state. The chapter then considers the role of indigenous groups, the Portuguese, African slaves, and other immigrants—as well as the events of the gold rush in the 1690s and the Paraguay War in the 19th century—in Brazil’s history.

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

scholarly journals Nepali Intellectuals in Exile: The History of Nepali Printing in 19th- and 20th-Century Benares

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-59
Author(s):  
Alaka Atreya Chudal
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Special Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Indian Cities

Abstract Restrictions on the freedom of speech and press, along with the unavailability of competitive printing solutions in Nepal under the Rana regime, caused the centre of gravity of scholarly activities to shift to India. A number of Nepali intellectuals, who came from a variety of backgrounds and had various reasons for having migrated to India, were involved in writing and publishing starting by the end of the 19th century. In those days Benares had few if any peers among Indian cities as a centre of local traditions of education and Sanskrit learning, and as a spiritual, economic and literary destination for Nepalis. Benares, which occupies a special place in Nepali history for its immense contribution to the country’s cultural, social, literary and political evolution, was also the main hub of Nepali print entrepreneurs. This article will delve into early such entrepreneurs and an array of Nepali printing activities in Benares before 1950.

scholarly journals Poetycka wyspa pokoju: O powstaniu, działalności i światowych aspiracjach arabskiego Stowarzyszenia Apollo

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Balwierz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

THE POETIC ISLAND OF PEACE. THE FORMATION, ACTIVITY AND WORD-WIDE ASPIRATIONS OF THE ARABIC APOLLO SOCIETY The object of the book is the presentation of the genesis and activity of the Apollo Society, acting in Egypt within the years 1932-1934 for the benefit of the rebirth of Arabic poetry. Particular attention in this book was paid to the peaceful mission that the society itself selected, and the ideas of brotherhood, cooperation, and international literary exchange – on which it was based. The leading representatives of this group understood the rebirth of Arabic poetry as such an increase of its artistic level that would enable its creators to join the Parnassus of the world poetry, become equal partners alongside the English, French or German poets. They dreamed their poetic works would become the great pride of the Arabs in the international forum. The book presents the various stages of the rebirth of Arabic poetry in Egypt during the second half of the 19th century to the first four decades of the 20th century. Factors that enabled the development of poetry were characterized, the role of the Apollo Society and the monthly review published by it was shown in the history of Arabic literature. The 20s of the 20th

Another turn of the screw on the history of the reaction object construction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Bouso ◽  
Pablo Ruano San Segundo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sentimental Novel ◽  
Direct Discourse ◽  
Object Construction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Triggering Factor ◽  
The One ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract This article deals with the Reaction Object Construction (ROC), as in She smiled disbelief, where an intransitive verb (smile), by adding an emotional object (disbelief), acquires the extended sense “express X by V−ing” (i.e. “She expressed disbelief by smiling”). Earlier research has suggested a diachronic connection between the ROC and Direct Discourse Constructions (DDCs) of the type She smiled, “I don’t believe you” (Visser 1963–1973). More recently, Bouso (2018) has shown that the ROC is primarily a feature of 19th century narrative fiction. This paper aims to bring together these insights. On the basis of a self-compiled corpus and De Smet’s Corpus of English Novels, it investigates the productivity of the ROC in 19th and 20th century fiction, and the role of DDCs in its development. The results reveal a peak in the productivity of the ROC that coincides with the development of the sentimental novel, and a correlation between the development of the ROC on the one hand and of those DDCs that have been mistakenly hypothesised to be its single source constructions on the other. Extravagance is proposed as a triggering factor for the use of the ROC in the 19th century as an alternative to DDCs.

scholarly journals In the Service of Abundance

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (08) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Shueller
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Agricultural Mechanization ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
The Many ◽  
Human Powered ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article focuses on the role of agriculture mechanization in the growth process in different fields. Many innovations in agricultural mechanization occurred in the middle of the 19th century. Agricultural mechanization is often exemplified by the development of the tractor. A key figure in the development of tractors was a Michigan farm boy who first became interested in technology when he saw a large steam traction engine. The adoption of the gasoline tractor was aided significantly by successful demonstrations and tests. The many 20th-century advancements in machinery to till soil, plant, remove weeds, and apply fertilizers and pesticides are too numerous to discuss here. However, at least harvesting equipment should be discussed because its mechanization trailed only tractors in importance. Cyrus McCormick’s reaper replaced human-powered cutting tools in small grains with a horse-drawn machine in the 19th century.

THE ROLE OF THE AMUDARYA FLEET IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY - THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Shukhrat Allamuratov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Amu Darya ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article deals with the history of the establishment of the Amu Darya flotilla, its economic significance in the life of the Bukhara emirate and its role in the transportation of military and commercial cargo on the banks of the Amu Darya

The dynamics of symbiosis: an historical overview

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1046-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Sapp
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Biology I ◽  
Symbiosis Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

Two facets of symbiosis theory are discussed: the role of symbiosis in evolution and the evolution and ecology of symbiosis. Research on symbiosis developed in virtual conflict with the aims and doctrines of the major biological disciplines for most of the 20th century. To gain a better understanding of this aspect of biology, I briefly sketch some of the phenomena and issues that have shaped discourse over its scope and significance. Diverse explanations for the various relations exhibited by symbiosis have been proposed from the 19th century to the present. The usefulness of the word itself has been debated, and its anthropomorphisms have been discussed. Research on mycorrhizas has been paradigmatic for revealing the dynamic nature of symbiosis and the inherent complexities of cost–benefit accounting across the parasitism–mutualism continuum.Key words: ecology, evolution, parasitism, mutualism, mycorrhizas, symbiosis.

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