scholarly journals Association of thyroid status with hemoglobin levels in pregnancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Baghel ◽  
Jyoti Batra ◽  
Thimmaraju K. V. ◽  
Maliyanar Itagappa
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Thyroid Profile ◽  
Tsh Levels ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: The association of hemoglobin levels with thyroid status in pregnancy was not studied in detail. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the levels of hemoglobin, thyroid function and its association with hemoglobin levels in first trimester of pregnancy.Methods: Fifty pregnant women who didn’t start any supplementation were recruited from the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department. Fifty age matched controls were recruited from the residents and staff of the hospital.  Thyroid profile and hemoglobin levels were measured in both the groups. The association was seen between hemoglobin levels and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.Results: The hemoglobin levels are significantly low in first trimester pregnant women. Further, the increased TSH levels are negatively correlated with low hemoglobin levels.Conclusions: Screening of hemoglobin levels in first trimester itself will be beneficial to prevent the complications of pregnancy. Further, hypothyroidism also present and associated with reduced hemoglobin. So, early diagnosis of these deficiencies will be useful to start giving supplements to avoid unwanted effects in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Management of thyroid disease in pregnancy – Room for improvement in the first trimester

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Robinson ◽  
Philip Robinson ◽  
Michael D’Emden ◽  
Kassam Mahomed
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Background First-trimester care of maternal thyroid dysfunction has previously been shown to be poor. This study evaluates early management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy in Australia. Methods Patients reviewed by the Obstetric Medicine team for thyroid dysfunction from 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2013 were included. Data were collected on gestation at referral from the patient’s general practitioner to the antenatal clinic, information provided in the referral letter, thyroid function tests and thyroid medications. Results Eighty-five women were included in the study. At the time of general practitioner referral to antenatal services, 19% of women with preexisting thyroid disease had no thyroid function tested. Forty-three percent had an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone defined as being outside the laboratory-specific pregnancy reference range if available, or outside the level of 0.1–2.5 mIu/L in the first trimester, 0.2–3.0 mIu/L in the second trimester and 0.3–3.0 mIu/L in the third trimester. Only 21% of women increased their thyroxine dose prior to their first antenatal clinic review. Conclusion This study highlights that a significant proportion of women with known thyroid disease either have untested thyroid function in the first trimester or a thyroid-stimulating hormone outside of levels recommended by guidelines.

scholarly journals Assessment of Thyroid Function in Early Pregnancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saifur Rahman ◽  
Sadia Sultana ◽  
Ayesha Nazneen
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
In Pregnancy

<p><strong>Objectives:  </strong>Thyroid disorders are commonly observed in pregnancy. Thyroid hormones play an important role in embryogenesis and fetal development. The fetus is completely dependent on the mother for thyroid hormone in first trimester. About 10% of all pregnant women can be affected by thyroid disorders during pregnancy. Thyroid function abnormalities in pregnancy are a challenge for the concerned physicians.  The objective of this study was to assess the maternal thyroid function in first trimester of pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Patients and Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at the Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka over a period of one year from January 2013 to December 2013 to see the serum FT<sub>3</sub>, FT<sub>4</sub>, TSH, thyroid antibodies level and common thyroid disorders in pregnancy. A total of 138 pregnant women in their first trimester (up to 12 weeks) of pregnancy with an age range of 18-35 years were enrolled in this study. Pregnant women with known thyroid disorder and on treatment and pregnancy more than three months were excluded. Measurement of serum FT<sub>3</sub>, FT<sub>4</sub>, TSH, Anti TPO-Ab and Anti TG-Ab were done in each patient at the time of enrolment. Ultrasonography of each patient was done for confirmation of pregnancy and correlation of gestational age.</p><p><strong>Results:  </strong>Among 138 pregnant women, subclinical hypothyroidism was detected in 10 (7.2%) patients and subclinical hyperthyroidism was detected in 3 (2.2%) patients. Mean difference of the investigation findings were not statistically significant among primi and multi gravida. TPO-Ab and TG-Ab difference were statistically significant between two age groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Subclinical thyroid disorders are fairly high among pregnant women. Correct diagnosis in early pregnancy and prompt treatment will bring an excellent prognosis for both mother and offspring.</p><p>Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 19(2): 98-102, July 2016</p>

scholarly journals Moderate Iodine Deficiency Is Common in Pregnancy but Does Not Alter Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Schiller ◽  
Arnon Agmon ◽  
Viviana Ostrovsky ◽  
Gabi Shefer ◽  
Hilla Knobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Neonatal Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

IntroductionAn Israeli national survey found that 85% of pregnant women had urinary iodine content (UIC) levels below the adequacy range (&lt;150 µg/L). Widespread desalinated water usage and no national fortification plan are possible causes. Studies assessing relationships between iodine status and maternal and neonatal thyroid function provided varying results. Our aims were to determine whether iodine deficiency was associated with altered maternal or neonatal thyroid function and the factors leading to iodine deficiency.MethodsA cross-sectional study including 100 healthy women without prior thyroid disease, in their first trimester of a singleton pregnancy were recruited from an HMO clinic in central Israel. The women were followed from their first trimester. All women completed a 24-h dietary recall and life habits questionnaires. We tested for UIC, maternal and neonatal thyroid function, maternal autoantibodies, and neonatal outcomes.ResultsMedian UIC in our cohort was 49 µg/L [25%–75% interquartile range (IQR) 16-91.5 µg/L], with 84% below adequacy range. No correlation was found between iodine deficiency and maternal or neonatal thyroid function which remained within normal ranges. Antibody status did not differ, but thyroglobulin levels were significantly higher in iodine insufficient subjects. UIC was higher in women consuming an iodine containing supplement. There was no association between UIC and dietary iodine content or water source.ConclusionsModerate iodine deficiency is common in our healthy pregnant women population. Our data imply that moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy seem sufficient to maintain normal maternal and neonatal thyroid function.

scholarly journals Mild Anemia May Affect Thyroid Function in Pregnant Chinese Women During the First Trimester

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan-ying Nie ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Dian-jun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Mild Anemia ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Tsh Levels

BackgroundPregnant women are often susceptible to anemia, which can damage the thyroid gland. However, compared with moderate and severe anemia, less attention has been paid to mild anemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild anemia on the thyroid function in pregnant women during the first trimester.MethodsA total of 1,761 women in the first trimester of their pregnancy were enrolled from Shenyang, China, and divided into mild anemia and normal control groups based on their hemoglobin levels. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe TSH levels of pregnant women with mild anemia were higher than those of pregnant women without mild anemia (p &lt; 0.05). Normal control women were selected to set new reference intervals for TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels during the first trimester, which were 0.11–4.13 mIU/l, 3.45–5.47 pmol/l, and 7.96–16.54 pmol/l, respectively. The upper limit of TSH 4.13 mU/l is close to the upper limit 4.0 mU/l recommended in the 2017 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, indicating that exclusion of mild anemia may reduce the difference in reference values from different regions. Mild anemia was related to 4.40 times odds of abnormally TSH levels (95% CI: 2.84, 6.76) and 5.87 increased odds of abnormal FT3 (95% CI: 3.89, 8.85). The proportion of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with mild anemia was higher than that in those without anemia (0.6% vs. 0, p = 0.009; 12.1% vs. 1.9%, p &lt; 0.001). Mild anemia was related to 7.61 times increased odds of subclinical hypothyroidism (95% CI: 4.53, 12.90).ConclusionsMild anemia may affect thyroid function during the first trimester, which highlights the importance of excluding mild anemia confounding when establishing a locally derived specific reference interval for early pregnancy.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in the first trimester pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal outcomes in a tertiary care centre in Bangalore

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187
Author(s):  
Shruthi H S ◽  
Nalini Arunkumar ◽  
Ravi N Patil
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
P Value ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Tsh Levels

: Hypothyroidism during pregnancy has an adverse effect on both mother and child. The maternal and foetal risk is higher in TPOAb (Thyroid peroxidase antibody) positive women compared to women with negative TPO Ab. The recent ATA (American Thyroid Association) guidelines recommend that pregnant women with TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) concentration above 2.5mU/L should be evaluated for TPOAb status and LT4(levothyroxine) treatment should be considered with TSH values between 2.5mU/L and 4.0mU/L only when TPOAb status is positive.: All the pregnant women booked in first trimester underwent testing for TSH levels and subsequently for anti TPO Ab if TSH levels were between 2.5-4 mIU/ml. The hospital based prevalence of women with anti TPO Ab positive status was determined. These pregnancies were followed till term and the maternal and foetal complications associated with TPO Ab positive and negative status were compared. Total of 400 pregnant women were included. The hospital prevalence of women with anti TPO antibodies in first trimester of pregnancy with TSH values between 2.5- 4 mIU/ml was found to be 23.5%. Anti TPO antibody positive status was significantly more associated with antenatal complications especially GDM and IUGR as compared to patients with anti TPO antibody negative status (47.8% v/s 23.2%, p value 0.001).: Women with TPO Ab positive status are to be vigilantly monitored for early detection and management of various antenatal complications. Determining anti TPO Ab status helps in avoiding unnecessary treatment of the women with TPO Ab negative status and TSH between 2.5-4mIU/ml.

Cold-induced changes in thyroid function in a poikilothermic mammal, the naked mole-rat

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (1) ◽  
pp. R149-R155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle Buffenstein ◽  
Ryan Woodley ◽  
Cleopatra Thomadakis ◽  
T. Joseph M. Daly ◽  
David A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
Naked Mole Rat ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Tsh Levels

Cold acclimation induces very divergent responses in thyroid function in reptiles and mammals reflective of their different thermoregulatory modes. Naked mole-rats, unlike other small mammals, are unable to effectively employ endothermy and are operatively poikilotherms. We therefore investigated changes in their thyroid status with chronic cold exposure. Under simulated burrow conditions, free thyroxine (T4; 0.39 ± 0.09 ng/dl) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; 1.12 ± 0.56 μIU/ml) levels fell within the reptilian range, one order of magnitude lower than mammalian levels. However, cold induced typical mammalian responses: free T4levels (0.55 ± 0.09 ng/dl) and thyroid follicular cell height were significantly greater. Although TSH levels (1.28 ± 0.83 μIU/ml) were not significantly elevated, thyrotrophs exhibited ultrastructural signs of increased secretory activity. Low thyroid hormone concentrations may contribute substantially to the unusual thermoregulatory mode exhibited by naked mole-rats.

scholarly journals Infant neurocognitive development is independent of the use of iodised salt or iodine supplements given during pregnancy

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piedad Santiago ◽  
Inés Velasco ◽  
Jose Antonio Muela ◽  
Baltasar Sánchez ◽  
Julia Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Neurological Development ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

The benefits of iodine supplements during pregnancy remain controversial in areas with a mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of improving iodine intakes, with iodised salt (IS) or iodine supplements, in pregnant Spanish women. A total of 131 pregnant women in their first trimester were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) IS in cooking and at the table, (2) 200 μg potassium iodide (KI)/d or (3) 300 μg KI/d. No differences were found in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) or thyroid volume (TV) between the three groups. Regardless of the group in which women were included, those who had been taking IS for at least 1 year before becoming pregnant had a significantly lower TV in the third trimester (P= 0·01) and a significantly higher urinary iodine in the first (173·7 (sd81·8)v. 113·8 (sd79·6) μg/l,P= 0·001) and third trimesters (206·3 (sd91·2)v. 160·4 (sd87·7) μg/l,P= 0·03). Also, no differences were seen in TSH, FT4 or FT3. Children's neurological development was not significantly associated with the consumption of IS for at least 1 year before becoming pregnant and no differences were found according to the treatment group. In conclusion, in pregnant women with insufficient iodine intake, the intake of IS before becoming pregnant was associated with a better maternal thyroid function. The form of iodide intake was not associated with maternal thyroid function or children's neurological development.

scholarly journals Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal outcome: a prospective study in a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1938
Author(s):  
Sharin P. Barse ◽  
Vaishali R. Korde ◽  
Jaya S. Barla
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Tsh Levels ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is the commonest endocrinological disorder in pregnancy. A broad spectrum of adverse outcomes in pregnant women and the fetus have been reported which can be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy has not yet been extensively studied in India. Hence, this study was conducted for assessment of the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy and effect on the mother and her fetus.Methods: This study is a prospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, MIMER Medical College and Hospital, Talegaon Dabhade, Maharashtra. A 3 years study. Antenatal women attending the outpatient and inpatient department of the hospital. The total sample population comprised of 698 pregnant women with uncomplicated singleton intra-uterine pregnancy. All participants were screened by estimation for serum TSH in first trimester. Immediately after delivery the cord blood sample was collected and cord blood TSH levels were estimated. Babies, whose cord blood TSH levels were elevated, were called for follow-up on day 5 of neonatal life and TSH, free T3 and free T4 levels were estimated. Among these babies, those diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism were started on appropriate treatment.Results: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy in present study was 17.90% whereas 82.1% patients were euthyroid (control group). Among the 17.9% patients with thyroid dysfunction, 14.6% had subclinical hypothyroidism, 1.9% had overt hypothyroidism and 1.4% had hyperthyroidism.Conclusions: With this study, we can come to the conclusion that there is high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Thus, an early diagnosis and prevention of the aftermaths of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is of utmost importance.

scholarly journals Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism among Bangladeshi pregnant women and its effect on fetomaternal outcome

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sharmeen ◽  
PA Shamsunnahar ◽  
TR Laita ◽  
SB Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
In Pregnancy

Objectives: Thyroid disorders are among the common endocrine problems in pregnant women. It is now well established that not only overt but subclinical thyroid dysfunction also has adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcome. There are few data from Bangladesh about the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. With this background, this study aims to find out thyroid dysfunction (both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism) in pregnancy and its impact on obstetrical outcome.Methods: We studied the evaluation of 50 admitted pregnancies corresponding to 29 women with subclinical hypothyroidism and rest 21 was overt hypothyroidism. Detailed history and examination were performed. Apart from routine obstetrical investigations, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) estimation was done. Their obstetrical and perinatal outcomes were noted.Results: Overt hypothyroidism was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 25 to 44 years age group. However two and three abortions were significantly (p<0.05) higher in overt hypothyroidism patients. In sub clinical hypothyroidism 86.2% conceived firstly within 2 years and 66.7% in overt hypothyroidism patients conceived firstly in between 3 to 5 years after marriage. Overt hypothyroids were prone to have pregnancy-induced hypertension 42.9%, intrauterine growth restriction (P=0.001) and gestational diabetes (38.1%) as compared to subclinical cases. Neonatal complications were significantly more in overt hypothyroidism group. Mean TSH level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in overt hypothyroidism patients but mean FT4 level was almost similar in both groups. Majority of the patient underwent caesarean section in both groups due to associated medical and obstetrical complications. None of the babies showed hypothyroidism by cord blood tests. In this analysis our results showed that overt hypothyroidism among Bangladeshi pregnant women are associated with more maternal complication & adverse parental outcome than subclinical hypothyroidism. The adequate treatment of hypothyroidism during gestation minimizes risks and generally, makes it possible for pregnancies to be carried to term without complications. Significant adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcome were seen emphasizing the importance of routine antenatal thyroid screening.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (2): 52-57

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